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},
{
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},
{
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{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
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},
{
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},
{
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},
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
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},
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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"causing lethal cardiac arrhythmia"
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},
{
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"but, through a special refining process,"
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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"as it doesn't contaminate the meat"
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
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},
{
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},
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},
{
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{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
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},
{
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},
{
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{
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{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
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},
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},
{
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},
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},
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},
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
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},
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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"with other members of the tribe,"
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},
{
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"end": "00:20:18.670",
"lines": [
"using signs made of branches."
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},
{
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"end": "00:20:35.340",
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"The code always begins with the Penan motto,"
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},
{
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"end": "00:20:36.540",
"lines": [
"Jah Kenin"
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},
{
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"end": "00:20:38.540",
"lines": [
"\u201cWe have the same heart\u201d"
]
},
{
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"end": "00:21:38.350",
"lines": [
"In the few villages bordering reserved areas,"
]
},
{
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"end": "00:21:40.030",
"lines": [
"the Penan have been offered jobs"
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},
{
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"end": "00:21:41.650",
"lines": [
"in the national parks"
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},
{
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"end": "00:21:43.180",
"lines": [
"and are allowed to hunt"
]
},
{
"start": "00:21:43.180",
"end": "00:21:45.580",
"lines": [
"in untouched regions of rainforest."
]
},
{
"start": "00:22:04.350",
"end": "00:22:06.450",
"lines": [
"In tourist places like these,"
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},
{
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"end": "00:22:08.430",
"lines": [
"the government appears to have made an effort"
]
},
{
"start": "00:22:08.480",
"end": "00:22:10.010",
"lines": [
"to build a brand-new hospital,"
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},
{
"start": "00:22:10.530",
"end": "00:22:12.210",
"lines": [
"but as I'll learn later,"
]
},
{
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"end": "00:22:14.140",
"lines": [
"nothing has been arranged for the Penan"
]
},
{
"start": "00:22:14.140",
"end": "00:22:15.600",
"lines": [
"who\u2019ve been forced to settle down"
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},
{
"start": "00:22:15.600",
"end": "00:22:17.010",
"lines": [
"in remote villages."
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},
{
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"end": "00:22:21.840",
"lines": [
"Like most tribes in Borneo,"
]
},
{
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"end": "00:22:24.270",
"lines": [
"Penan families share living accommodation,"
]
},
{
"start": "00:22:24.430",
"end": "00:22:26.040",
"lines": [
"called longhouses."
]
},
{
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"end": "00:22:36.130",
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"Their woven craft is made of rattan,"
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},
{
"start": "00:22:36.380",
"end": "00:22:39.410",
"lines": [
"a vine that can reach a length of more than 200 meters"
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},
{
"start": "00:22:39.540",
"end": "00:22:42.210",
"lines": [
"and can be crushed to use as a natural toothbrush."
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},
{
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"end": "00:22:46.260",
"lines": [
"It\u2019s now being replaced by plastic."
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},
{
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},
{
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"lines": [
"worshipping the forest spirit"
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},
{
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"end": "00:22:52.340",
"lines": [
"called Ballei"
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},
{
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"end": "00:22:58.560",
"lines": [
"Like most tribes in Borneo,"
]
},
{
"start": "00:22:58.670",
"end": "00:23:00.560",
"lines": [
"they\u2019ve been Christianized."
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},
{
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"Nyapun was one of the first Penan chiefs"
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},
{
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"end": "00:23:17.450",
"lines": [
"to be forced to settle down."
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},
{
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"end": "00:23:21.580",
"lines": [
"He says he's probably 89 years old."
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},
{
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"end": "00:23:24.600",
"lines": [
"The Penan used to live in the present."
]
},
{
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"end": "00:23:27.150",
"lines": [
"The canopy would hide the sky"
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},
{
"start": "00:23:27.200",
"end": "00:23:29.710",
"lines": [
"so they couldn\u2019t count moon phases or years."
]
},
{
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"end": "00:23:32.780",
"lines": [
"He is gathering fern shoots"
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},
{
"start": "00:23:32.780",
"end": "00:23:34.780",
"lines": [
"and tapioca leaves for lunch."
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},
{
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"end": "00:23:48.330",
"lines": [
"Like most tribesmen in rural Borneo,"
]
},
{
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"end": "00:23:51.130",
"lines": [
"Nyapun never leaves his house without a weapon"
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},
{
"start": "00:23:51.180",
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"lines": [
"for self-defense."
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},
{
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"end": "00:23:58.300",
"lines": [
"The spear attached to the end of his blowpipe"
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},
{
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"end": "00:24:00.400",
"lines": [
"is a reliable secondary weapon"
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},
{
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"end": "00:24:03.960",
"lines": [
"Tribal wars are still in living memory"
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},
{
"start": "00:24:04.250",
"end": "00:24:05.920",
"lines": [
"and encountering wild animals"
]
},
{
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"end": "00:24:08.080",
"lines": [
"like giant pythons and sun bears"
]
},
{
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"end": "00:24:09.630",
"lines": [
"could still be a deadly."
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},
{
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"lines": [
"Nyapun's second wife"
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},
{
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"end": "00:24:17.040",
"lines": [
"plays nose flute."
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},
{
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"lines": [
"They live in this compound"
]
},
{
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"end": "00:24:30.180",
"lines": [
"with their children and grandchildren."
]
},
{
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"end": "00:25:57.590",
"lines": [
"Two villagers guide me to a remote Penan camp"
]
},
{
"start": "00:25:57.620",
"end": "00:25:59.400",
"lines": [
"at the end of a logging road."
]
},
{
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"end": "00:26:03.070",
"lines": [
"These dangerous, abandoned roads"
]
},
{
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"end": "00:26:05.800",
"lines": [
"are prone to landslides and sinkholes."
]
},
{
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"end": "00:26:17.620",
"lines": [
"A few pockets of primary forest"
]
},
{
"start": "00:26:17.730",
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"lines": [
"were spared from the chainsaws."
]
},
{
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"lines": [
"Penan are known to be very shy,"
]
},
{
"start": "00:26:40.850",
"end": "00:26:42.840",
"lines": [
"which makes their adaptation to the outside"
]
},
{
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"end": "00:26:44.250",
"lines": [
"very challenging."
]
},
{
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"end": "00:26:53.530",
"lines": [
"The villagers have a hornbill as a pet."
]
},
{
"start": "00:27:01.040",
"end": "00:27:03.540",
"lines": [
"Hornbills are the emblem of Sarawak."
]
},
{
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"end": "00:27:09.050",
"lines": [
"Many different species exist all over Asia."
]
},
{
"start": "00:27:09.520",
"end": "00:27:11.050",
"lines": [
"Like the Great Hornbill,"
]
},
{
"start": "00:27:11.140",
"end": "00:27:13.050",
"lines": [
"here filmed in Cambodia."
]
},
{
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"end": "00:27:45.450",
"lines": [
"Older Penan folk suffer most"
]
},
{
"start": "00:27:45.570",
"end": "00:27:47.650",
"lines": [
"from their lost nomadic lifestyle,"
]
},
{
"start": "00:27:51.880",
"end": "00:27:54.730",
"lines": [
"and struggle to adapt to life in the villages."
]
},
{
"start": "00:27:57.430",
"end": "00:27:59.550",
"lines": [
"Many suffer from depression"
]
},
{
"start": "00:27:59.790",
"end": "00:28:02.350",
"lines": [
"or have lost their minds."
]
},
{
"start": "00:28:21.960",
"end": "00:28:23.770",
"lines": [
"I'm back with Bala."
]
},
{
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"end": "00:28:27.710",
"lines": [
"He shows me how to make Penan barkcloth."
]
},
{
"start": "00:28:30.100",
"end": "00:28:31.960",
"lines": [
"He cuts a Beripun tree"
]
},
{
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"end": "00:28:46.350",
"lines": [
"and beats it"
]
},
{
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"end": "00:28:48.580",
"lines": [
"to remove the bark from the trunk."
]
},
{
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"end": "00:29:05.460",
"lines": [
"The Penan use over 1,500 names for plants."
]
},
{
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"end": "00:29:08.660",
"lines": [
"Most of them are used in their ethnobotany."
]
},
{
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"lines": [
"He softens the bark"
]
},
{
"start": "00:29:27.490",
"end": "00:29:28.880",
"lines": [
"by beating it."
]
},
{
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"end": "00:29:42.120",
"lines": [
"These were the traditional loin-cloths"
]
},
{
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"end": "00:29:44.280",
"lines": [
"until cotton replaced them."
]
},
{
"start": "00:29:51.720",
"end": "00:29:55.370",
"lines": [
"This plant is used by the Penan to treat snake bites."
]
},
{
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"end": "00:29:58.100",
"lines": [
"It's one of the most useful medicinal plants"
]
},
{
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"end": "00:29:59.480",
"lines": [
"in the jungle of Borneo,"
]
},
{
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"end": "00:30:01.840",
"lines": [
"which is loaded with deadly snakes."
]
},
{
"start": "00:30:44.000",
"end": "00:30:45.080",
"lines": [
"This same plant"
]
},
{
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"lines": [
"saved the life of Swiss ethnologist and activist"
]
},
{
"start": "00:30:47.600",
"end": "00:30:49.010",
"lines": [
"Bruno Manser."
]
},
{
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"end": "00:30:51.570",
"lines": [
"He spent six years living with the Penan"
]
},
{
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"lines": [
"in the eighties,"
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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"lines": [
"by helping to block logging roads."
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},
{
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"end": "00:31:00.550",
"lines": [
"The Malaysian government put a price on his head."
]
},
{
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"end": "00:31:04.020",
"lines": [
"He disappeared in the jungle of Sarawak in 2000,"
]
},
{
"start": "00:31:04.190",
"end": "00:31:06.210",
"lines": [
"following his return from Europe."
]
},
{
"start": "00:31:06.500",
"end": "00:31:09.030",
"lines": [
"He was declared dead in 2005"
]
},
{
"start": "00:31:09.220",
"end": "00:31:11.300",
"lines": [
"and remains as a hero for the Penan."
]
},
{
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"end": "00:31:18.040",
"lines": [
"Though I hope I won't need it,"
]
},
{
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"end": "00:31:21.230",
"lines": [
"I decide to keep some for the rest of my trip."
]
},
{
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"end": "00:31:31.800",
"lines": [
"Another very powerful medicinal plant in Borneo"
]
},
{
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"lines": [
"is Kratom."
]
},
{
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"end": "00:31:37.830",
"lines": [
"It's known to treat opiate and alcohol addiction."
]
},
{
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"end": "00:31:40.690",
"lines": [
"It's also used against fever"
]
},
{
"start": "00:31:40.960",
"end": "00:31:43.370",
"lines": [
"and to relieve stress and anxiety."
]
},
{
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"end": "00:31:54.030",
"lines": [
"I now travel to the south of Sarawak,"
]
},
{
"start": "00:31:54.190",
"end": "00:31:55.720",
"lines": [
"near the Indonesian border,"
]
},
{
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"lines": [
"to meet the Iban,"
]
},
{
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"end": "00:31:59.600",
"lines": [
"who are known as the head hunters."
]
},
{
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"end": "00:32:08.980",
"lines": [
"Their name is also the Lakya"
]
},
{
"start": "00:32:09.050",
"end": "00:32:10.980",
"lines": [
"which means \u201cthe strong men\u201d."
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},
{
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"end": "00:32:16.210",
"lines": [
"They used to practice head hunting on other tribes,"
]
},
{
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"lines": [
"including the Penan,"
]
},
{
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"end": "00:32:21.940",
"lines": [
"and some families still keep skulls"
]
},
{
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"end": "00:32:24.070",
"lines": [
"as trophies in their longhouses."
]
},
{
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"end": "00:32:36.550",
"lines": [
"The Iban don't use blowpipes for hunting,"
]
},
{
"start": "00:32:36.710",
"end": "00:32:38.690",
"lines": [
"opting for regular guns."
]
},
{
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"end": "00:32:44.810",
"lines": [
"Even though head hunting officially ceased a century ago,"
]
},
{
"start": "00:32:44.990",
"end": "00:32:48.120",
"lines": [
"the Iban are still remembered as merciless warriors,"
]
},
{
"start": "00:32:50.690",
"end": "00:32:52.790",
"lines": [
"and guides still advise against entering"
]
},
{
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"end": "00:32:55.410",
"lines": [
"Iban longhouses without invitation."
]
},
{
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"end": "00:33:16.930",
"lines": [
"They are famous for their tattoos."
]
},
{
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"end": "00:33:38.880",
"lines": [
"Tattoos represent an important life event"
]
},
{
"start": "00:33:38.990",
"end": "00:33:40.510",
"lines": [
"like becoming a father."
]
},
{
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"lines": [
"For the first head taken,"
]
},
{
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"end": "00:33:46.410",
"lines": [
"a tattoo was made on the hand"
]
},
{
"start": "00:33:46.800",
"end": "00:33:48.520",
"lines": [
"the Entegulun"
]
},
{
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"end": "00:33:57.610",
"lines": [
"The Iban now mix their traditional tattoos"
]
},
{
"start": "00:33:57.610",
"end": "00:33:59.610",
"lines": [
"with Western styles"
]
},
{
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"end": "00:34:03.480",
"lines": [
"and foreign travelers come to get Iban tattoos."
]
},
{
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"end": "00:34:10.480",
"lines": [
"At Saya's camp,"
]
},
{
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"lines": [
"the family is preparing for a trip"
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},
{
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"lines": [
"through the jungle."
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},
{
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"lines": [
"Saya's daughter is petting the family's monkey."
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},
{
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"end": "00:34:25.720",
"lines": [
"The Penan use them as guards,"
]
},
{
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"lines": [
"giving a signal when danger is near."
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},
{
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"lines": [
"The family prepares to build a camp"
]
},
{
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"lines": [
"en route to their next living place."
]
},
{
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"lines": [
"They choose an uphill spot"
]
},
{
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"lines": [
"away from mosquitoes and falling trees."
]
},
{
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"lines": [
"Under such changeable weather conditions,"
]
},
{
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"end": "00:35:36.960",
"lines": [
"they must be able to build a rainproof shelter"
]
},
{
"start": "00:35:37.120",
"end": "00:35:38.810",
"lines": [
"in under an hour."
]
},
{
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"end": "00:35:56.020",
"lines": [
"As part of Penan fashion,"
]
},
{
"start": "00:35:56.100",
"end": "00:35:57.750",
"lines": [
"they sometimes like to dye their hands"
]
},
{
"start": "00:35:57.800",
"end": "00:35:59.240",
"lines": [
"with red leaves."
]
},
{
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"end": "00:37:50.260",
"lines": [
"The family occasionally leave the forest"
]
},
{
"start": "00:37:50.350",
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"lines": [
"to trade meat in the villages,"
]
},
{
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"end": "00:37:55.140",
"lines": [
"but they're often isolated for months"
]
},
{
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"end": "00:37:58.420",
"lines": [
"and must light their fires without using a lighter."
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},
{
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"lines": [
"With his knife,"
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},
{
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"lines": [
"Saya strikes a firestone that he found in the river."
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},
{
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"end": "00:38:08.480",
"lines": [
"Sparks fall on the moss,"
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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"end": "00:38:22.800",
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"More moss and a bit of cloth"
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},
{
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"end": "00:38:24.800",
"lines": [
"help the flames grow."
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},
{
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"To illuminate the hut at night,"
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},
{
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"end": "00:38:44.900",
"lines": [
"the Penan use a plant candle,"
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},
{
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"end": "00:38:46.900",
"lines": [
"made from the pod of a vine."
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},
{
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"end": "00:38:50.160",
"lines": [
"It provides light for up to an hour."
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},
{
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"end": "00:38:56.500",
"lines": [
"It rains almost every day in the jungle."
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},
{
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"end": "00:39:00.310",
"lines": [
"Punyau, a readily-combustible wood,"
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},
{
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"end": "00:39:03.200",
"lines": [
"is cut and briefly dried above the fire."
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},
{
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"lines": [
"Tyon is making Penan forks,"
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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"end": "00:39:15.300",
"lines": [
"some versatile and effective cutlery,"
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},
{
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"end": "00:39:17.810",
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"which are easy and fast to craft."
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},
{
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"end": "00:39:44.600",
"lines": [
"I leave the nomads"
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},
{
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"end": "00:39:46.160",
"lines": [
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},
{
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"end": "00:39:47.910",
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"at the center of Sarawak."
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},
{
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"end": "00:39:50.440",
"lines": [
"There is no public transport,"
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},
{
"start": "00:39:50.550",
"end": "00:39:52.440",
"lines": [
"so, I decide to hitchhike."
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},
{
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"end": "00:40:20.400",
"lines": [
"The village is hours away from any other camp"
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},
{
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"end": "00:40:24.400",
"lines": [
"and I\u2019m travelling next to 1000 liters of diesel."
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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"end": "00:41:15.160",
"lines": [
"but it contains many drawings"
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},
{
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"end": "00:41:17.830",
"lines": [
"of what are now rare animals and plants."
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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"end": "00:42:21.130",
"lines": [
"for hunting the next day."
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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"end": "00:42:40.040",
"lines": [
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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},
{
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"end": "00:42:57.840",
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},
{
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"and sanded down with a special leaf,"
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},
{
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"end": "00:43:03.050",
"lines": [
"the blowpipe is precise up to forty meters."
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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"lines": [
"have developed a very distinctive style"
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},
{
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"lines": [
"combining modern outfits"
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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},
{
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"end": "00:43:43.350",
"lines": [
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},
{
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"end": "00:43:45.140",
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"in the hopes that they will eventually"
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},
{
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"lines": [
"migrate to the cities."
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},
{
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"end": "00:43:49.850",
"lines": [
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},
{
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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"would be jeopardized."
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},
{
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"end": "00:47:36.970",
"lines": [
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},
{
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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"lines": [
"like birds and pygmy squirrels."
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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"end": "00:49:32.910",
"lines": [
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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},
{
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"lines": [
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]
},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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"end": "00:51:00.650",
"lines": [
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]
},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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"lines": [
"could benefit from Penan knowledge of plants"
]
},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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"lines": [
"the tables will turn,"
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},
{
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},
{
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},
{
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"by the nature they hold"
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},
{
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"when that day comes,"
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},
{
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"lines": [
"the last Penan families living in the wild"
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},
{
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"lines": [
"may have left the rainforest"
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},
{
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"lines": [
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},
{
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]
}
}
}