We presented a detailed study of user-level race/ethnicity prediction along the lines of previous work on predicting user traits from text (Burger et al., 2011;Rao et al., 2010;Pennacchiotti and Popescu, 2011;Schwartz et al., 2013;Sap et al., 2014;Volkova et al., 2014;Preoţiuc-Pietro et al., 2015b;Flekova et al., 2016b;Preoţiuc-Pietro et al., 2016;Preoţiuc-Pietro et al., 2017).
with previous research on race/ethnicity, we used labels obtained by directly surveying Twitter users, rather than distantly supervised geo-located data or perceived race labels, which lead to multiple biases and lower accuracies on real data.