Formally, the approach we take can be thought of as a "noisier channel", where an observed signal o gives rise to a set of source-language strings f ∈ F Following Och and Ney (2002), we use the maximum entropy framework (Berger et al., 1996) to directly model the posterior P r(e, f |o) with parameters tuned to minimize a loss function representing the quality only of the resulting translations.
we make use of the following general decision rule: In principle, one could decode according to (2) simply by enumerating and decoding each f ∈ F(o); however, for any interestingly large F(o) this will be impractical.