As evidence, we show that the heuristic algorithm is able to work in English with just the single seed NPI any, and in fact the bootstrapping approach in conjunction with our heuristic even outperforms the above approaches when using a static list of NPIs.
we use the methods described in the previous sections for Step (2a), and the following ratio to rank NPI candidates in Step (2b), corresponding to the baseline method to detect DEOs in reverse: Here, count D (x) refers to the number of occurrences of NPI candidate x in DEO contexts D, defined to be the words to the right of a DEO operator up to a comma or semi-colon.