Furthermore, let Y(x, x'(j)) be the set consisting of all second-language counterparts of a first-language pair of related words x and x'(j).
y(x, x'(j)) = {(y, y') | (y, y')∈R y , (x, y)∈D, (x'(j), y')∈D}, where R y denotes the collection of pairs of related words extracted from a corpus of the second language, and D denotes a bilingual dictionary, i.e., a collection of pairs consisting of a first-language word and a second-language word that are translations of one another.