Meanwhile, translation grammars have grown in complexity from simple inversion transduction grammars (Wu, 1997) to general tree-to-string transducers (Galley et al., 2004) and have increased in size by including more synchronous tree fragments (Galley et al., 2006;DeNeefe et al., 2007).
of these trends, the syntactic component of machine translation decoding can now account for a substantial portion of total decoding time.