Roman Urdu lacks standard lexicon and usually many spelling variations exist for a given word, e.g., the word zindagi [life] is also written as zindagee, zindagy, zaindagee and zndagi.
the following normalization issues arise: (1) differently spelled words (see example above), (2) identically spelled words that are lexically different (e.g., bahar can be used for both [outside] and [spring], and (3) spellings that match words in English (e.g, had [limit] for the English word 'had').