Most of the initial research in this literature focused on either recognizing negated terms or identifying speculative sentences, using some heuristic rules (Chapman et al., 2001;Light et al., 2004), and machine learning methods (Goldin and Chapman, 2003;Medlock and Briscoe, 2007).
scope learning has been largely ignored until the recent release of the BioScope corpus (Szarvas et al., 2008), where negation/speculation cues and their scopes are annotated explicitly.