Though such difficulty is reflected in a number of bestpractice guides for science writers (Zweig and De-Voto, 2018), suggestions in those guides are generally based on the judgment of only a few individuals (Adams et al., 2017), and there lacks consistent teaching of strategies for thinking about probability and causality (Stanovich, 1992).
authors of observational studies sometimes wrongly extrapolate their results for clinical practice recommendations rather than suggest-ing follow-up randomized controlled trials (RCTs) (Prasad et al., 2013).