For both datasets, we uncover strong associations between 3 Our findings also hold for the widely used data from Waseem and Hovy (2016).
because of severe limitations of that dataset (see Schmidt  inferred AAE dialect and various hate speech categories, specifically the "offensive" label from DWMW17 (r = 0.42) and the "abusive" label from FDCL18 (r = 0.35), providing evidence that dialect-based bias is present in these corpora.