To further distinguish VPCs from prepositional verbs and other related constructions we also verify the possibility of the particle to be immediately followed by an indirect prepositional complement (like in The plane took off from London), which is a good indicator/delimiter of a VPC since in non-VPC constructions like prepositional verbs the preposition needs to have an NP complement.
we will assume that a true VPC occurs in the following configurations, according to Villavicencio (2005) and Ramisch et al.