To capture these sequential dependencies, STANCE encodes each mention using a bidirectional long short-term memory network (LSTM) (Hochreiter and Schmidhuber, 1997;Graves and Schmidhuber, 2005).
each character c i in a mention m is represented by a d-dimensional vector, h i , where h i is the concatenation of the hidden states corresponding to c i produced by running the LSTM in both directions.