(In Model 5, stable variation very near {1,1} or {2,2} is possible.)
), and are the subject of much recent work (reviewed by Hansson, 2008) For English N/V pairs, M. Kelly and collaborators have shown mistransmission effects which they propose are responsible for the directionality of the most common type of N/V pair stress shifts ({1,1}, {2,2}→{1,2}), based on "rhythmic context" (Kelly, 1988;Kelly and Bock, 1988;Kelly, 1989).