To explain the ERM framework for bipartite ranking, in this section, let us assume that we are given positive data drawn from the class-conditional probability densities p(x|y = 1) and p(x|y = −1), respectively.
they can also pick an optimization method that is suitable for their model such as Adam (Kingma and Ba, 2014) or AMS-Grad (Reddi et al., 2018).