Being aware of this difficulty, to this end, a twostage deep neural network, coined as TDNN, is proposed to tackle the prompt-independent AES problem.
to mitigate the lack of the prompt-dependent labeled data, at the first stage, a shallow model is trained on a number of rated essays for several non-target prompts; given a target prompt and a set of essays to rate, the trained model is employed to generate pseudo training data by selecting essays with the extreme quality.