One is to add additional edges to graphical model structure to represent the distant dependencies and the other is to encode the non-locality with non-local features.
in the first approach, heuristic rules are used to find the dependencies (Bunescu and Mooney, 2004;Sutton and McCallum, 2004) or penalties for label inconsistency are required to handset ad-hoc (Finkel et al., 2005).