(Gonzalez-Ibanez et al., 2011;Carvalho et al., 2009;Barbieri et al., 2014), (b) extraction of common patterns, such as hashtag-based sentiment (Maynard and Greenwood, 2014;Liebrecht et al., 2013), a positive verb being followed by a negative situation (Riloff et al., 2013), or discriminative n-grams (Tsur et al., 2010a;Davidov et al., 2010).
the past work detects sarcasm with specific indicators.