In image processing, simple augmentation techniques such as flipping, cropping, or increasing and decreasing the contrast of the image are both widely utilized and highly effective (Huang et al., 2016;Zagoruyko and Komodakis, 2016).
it is nontrivial to find simple equivalences for NLP tasks like machine translation, because even slight modifications of sentences can result in significant changes in their semantics, or *: Equal contributions.