Many methods require parallel corpora or comparable corpora to connect the languages (Klementiev et al., 2012;Zou et al., 2013;Hermann and Blunsom, 2013;Chandar A P et al., 2014;Kočiský et al., 2014;Coulmance et al., 2015;Wang et al., 2016), while others use bilingual dictionaries (Mikolov et al., 2013b;Xiao and Guo, 2014;Faruqui and Dyer, 2014;Gouws and Søgaard, 2015;Duong et al., 2016;Ammar et al., 2016), or neither (Miceli Barone, 2016).
we build on the work of Duong et al.