The manual annotations from (Clark and Paivio, 2004) contain ratings for only 925 words, which are not enough to provide sufficient coverage.
we use a lexicon expansion method, inspired by the work of (Malandrakis et al., 2013) to estimate the gender ladennessĝ(w i ) of word w i using the semantic similarities s() between w i and reference words or concepts c j , aŝ where the terms θ i are trained model parameters.