Major progress has been made in this task in recent years, due primarily to the SemEval Semantic Textual Similarity (STS) task (Agirre et al., 2012;Agirre et al., 2013;Agirre et al., 2014;Agirre et al., 2015).
the utility of top STS systems has remained largely unexplored in the context of short answer grading.