(2011) show that all three deduction systems can be directly "tabularized" and dynamic programming (DP) can be applied, such that, ignoring for the moment the issue of incorporating complex features (we return to this later), time and space needs are low-order polynomial.
as the two-index shorthand ri, js suggests, arc-eager and arc-hybrid systems can be implemented to take Opn 2 q space and Opn 3 q time; the arc-standard system requires Opn 3 q space and Opn 4 q time (if one applies the so-called hook trick (Eisner and Satta, 1999)).