Of the three tests we perform, character gender distributions for writer and director genders are significantly different from the overall character gender distribution (p < 10 −10 and p < 10 −4 respectively; α = 0.05).
female writers and directors appear to produce movies with relatively balanced gender proportions (still slightly skewed towards the male side) compared to male writers Studies report potential biases in actor employment with age (Lincoln and Allen, 2004), particularly in female actors.