Despite this fact, there is a large literature investigating how such operators can be used for phrasal composition, starting with the work of Lapata (2008, 2010) (M&L subsequently).
the additive model from M&L has the general form: where u and v are word (column) vectors in R n (e.g., − → fast and − → car), p ∈ R n is the vector for the phrase resulting from composition of u and v ( − −−− → fast car), and A ∈ R n×n and B ∈ R n×n are matrices that determine the contribution of u and v to p. M&L make the simplifying assumption that only the ith components of u and v contribute to the ith component of p, which yields the form: the parameters α, β ∈ R allow the contributions of u and v to be weighted differently, providing a minimal level of syntax-awareness to the model.