The sample was manually inspected, and compounds with modifiers whose relation to the head noun was other than subject or object were discarded.
nominalizations were discarded if: (a) the relation between the head and the modifier was any of the semantic relations listed in (1) (e.g., cause, have, make); these compounds represented 28.0% of the sample; (b) the head was derived from verbs taking prepositional objects (see example (3c)); these nominalizations represented 9.2% of the sample.