Automatically detecting emotions has also gained considerable attention over recent years, especially from text (Mohammad, 2012b;Mohammad, 2012a;Zhu et al., 2014;Kiritchenko et al., 2014;Yang et al., 2007;Bollen et al., 2009;Wang et al., 2016;Mohammad and Bravo-Marquez, 2017; but also from images (Fasel and Luettin, 2003;De Silva et al., 1997;Zheng et al., 2010).
image annotations for emotions have largely been limited to small datasets of facial expressions (Lucey et al., 2010;Susskind et al., 2007).