Several influential factor analysis studies have shown that the three most important, largely independent, dimensions of word meaning are valence (positiveness-negativeness/pleasuredispleasure), arousal (active-passive), and dominance (dominant-submissive) (Osgood et al., 1957;Russell, 1980Russell, , 2003.
these include: inconsistencies in annotations by different annotators, inconsistencies in annotations by the same annotator, scale region bias (annotators often have a bias towards a portion of the scale), and problems associated with a fixed granularity.