Another line of work tries to improve the accuracy by introducing ontologies (Fodeh et al., 2011;Kumar and Salim, 2012) and structured knowledge bases such as WordNet (Nastase et al., 2010), which provide semantic information about words such as synonym  and antonym (Sansonnet and Bouchet, 2010).
these methods primarily rely on special resources constructed with supervision or even manually, which are difficult to expand and in turn limit their applications in practice.