Early work focused on supervised methods maximizes the similarity of the embeddings of words that exist in a manually-created dictionary, according to some similarity metric (Mikolov et al., 2013;Faruqui and Dyer, 2014;Jawanpuria et al., 2018;.
recently proposed unsupervised methods frame this problem as minimization of some form of distance between the whole set of discrete word vectors in the chosen vocabulary, e.g.