These include: cross-modal linear regression (LinReg, (Dinu et al., 2015)), non-linear regression (NLin-Reg, (Lazaridou et al., 2014;Socher et al., 2013)),  ES-ZSL (Romera-Paredes and Torr, 2015), and a max-margin cross-modal energy function method (CME, (Akata et al., 2013;Frome et al., 2013)).
results may be unreliable when used with polysemous words, or words with large appearance variability.