Concerning speed, as argued in (Tapanainen & Järvinen,94), we found that rule−based systems are not necessarily slow, since the 1 million words are parsed in 3mn 8 seconds.
this has led, as early as 1958 (Joshi & Hopely 97), to the development of shallow−parsers, which aim at identifying as quickly and accurately as possible, main constituents (and possibly syntactic functions) in an input, without dealing with the most difficult problems encountered with "full−parsing".