For example, the work of (Al-Onaizan and Knight, 2002a;Al-Onaizan and Knight, 2002b;Knight and Graehl, 1998) used only the pronunciation or spelling of w in translation.
the work of (Cao and Li, 2002;Fung and Yee, 1998;Rapp, 1995;Rapp, 1999) used only the context of w to locate its translation in a second language.