We sum together the similarities of the character frequency and emotion curves to measure overall temporal similarity between the characters.
our first-order character kernel c 1 is: We use c 1 and equation 1 to construct a firstorder plot kernel (which we call k 1 ), and also as an ingredient in a second-order character kernel c 2 which takes into account the curve of pairwise frequencies u, u between two characters u and u in the same novel.