Yet, several experiments indicated that perceptual properties of concepts, such as concreteness and imageability, are important features for metaphor identification (Turney et al., 2011;Neuman et al., 2013;Gandy et al., 2013;Strzalkowski et al., 2013;Tsvetkov et al., 2014).
all of these methods used manually-annotated linguistic resources to determine these properties (such as the MRC concreteness database (Wilson, 1988)).