Moreover, it's labor-intensive and time-consuming to annotate utterances of emerging intents and retrain the whole intent detection model.
it is imperative to develop intent detection models with the zero-shot learning (ZSL) ability (Lampert et al., 2014;Socher et al., 2013;Changpinyo et al., 2016): the ability to expand classifiers and the intent detection space beyond the existing intents, of which we have labeled utterances during training, to emerging intents, of which no labeled utterances are available.