PAS-based view into sentences offers unambiguously uniform treatment of some of the issues highlighted in the previous section.
for example, going back to e2, and the rationale for including or excluding subjects in the scope of a negation, we observe that verb nodes in the PAS always have fully instantiated frames, with subject arguments bound to the figure 2: PAS for e3: "the mechanism by which IfNs mediate this inhibition has not been defined."