(7) cyon-i kongpwu(-lul) cal/manhi/… -Acc well/much/… ha-ko iss-ta 'John is studying well/much/…' Judging from the data in (7), which show that external elements can be inserted between kongpwu and ha-, it becomes clear that ha-is a word and [kongpwu ha-] is a phrase.
kongpwu and ha-are two independent words (Song 1967, Suh 1991, Chae 1996 Chong 2011, among others).