For average segment size and a uniform distribution of false positives, the average penalty is k 2 , as described earlier.
in general, in large enough segments, the penalty when the false positive is a distance d < k from a boundary is d, and the penalty when the false positive is a distance d > k from a boundary is k. for larger segments, the average penalty assuming a uniform distribution becomes larger, because there are more places in the segment that are at least k positions away from a boundary.