To overcome this, several studies have used artificial reference summaries (Sun et al., 2005;Svore et al., 2007;Woodsend and Lapata, 2010;Cheng and Lapata, 2016) compiled by collecting documents and corresponding highlights from other sources.
preparing such a parallel corpus often requires domain-specific or expert knowledge depending on the domain (Filippova et al., 2009;Parveen et al., 2016).