paraphrase detection (Ganitkevitch et al., 2013;Barzilay and Lee, 2003;Dolan et al., 2004) and evaluation (Chen and Dolan, 2011), question answering (Fader et al., 2013), textual entailment (Bosma and Callison-Burch, 2007), machine translation (Marton et al., 2009), short answer scoring (Koleva et al., 2014), domain adaptation of dependency parsing (Choe and McClosky, 2015).
in ATS, these techniques are typically applied to already existing parallel corpora; in this case the task of aligning the original sentence to its corresponding simple version can be tackled by applying similarity metrics that consider the TF/IDF score of the words in the sentence (Barzilay and Elhadad, 2003;Nelken and Shieber, 2006;Coster and Kauchak, 2011) or methods taking into account also the order in which information is presented (Bott and Saggion, 2011).