Another way of performing language independent transfer resorts to multi-task learning, where a model is trained jointly across different languages by sharing parameters to allow for knowledge transfer (Ammar et al., 2016a;Cotterell and Duh, 2017;Lin et al., 2018).
such approaches usually require some amounts of training data in the target language for bootstrapping, which is different from our unsupervised approach that requires no labeled resources in the target language.