In fact, a considerable number of works on semantic processing implicitly or explicitly presupposes the availability of a lexicon, such as in word sense disambiguation (WSD) (Mc-Carthy et al., 2004), and in token-level verb class disambiguation (Lapata and Brew, 2004;Girju et al., 2005;Li and Brew, 2007;Abend et al., 2008).
those methods are heavily dependent on the availability of a semantic lexicon.