We use three phenomena-articles, prepositions, and verb agreementas these occur in the FCE data from 11 first languages (shown in Table 12), excluding languages that only have a handful of examples, and study these phenomena within the NB adaptation framework, training on the native data from the Web1T corpus and adapting using learner data from different first-language groups.
we denote by target, other, related, and unrelated, error patterns obtained from the learners of the same first-language background, all other first languages (excluding the target), languages related to the target, and those unrelated to the target, respectively.