The form of compositional function involves many kinds of neural networks, such as recurrent neural networks (Hochreiter and Schmidhuber, 1997;Chung et al., 2014), convolutional neural networks (Collobert et al., 2011;Kalchbrenner et al., 2014), and recursive neural networks (Socher et al., 2013;Tai et al., 2015;Zhu et al., 2015).
these methods show an obvious defect in representing idiomatic phrases, whose semantics are not literal compositions of the individual words.