Moreover, (Shen and Lapata, 2007;Surdeanu et al., 2008;Chali and Joty, 2008) have shown that shallow semantic information in the form of Predicate Argument Structures (PASs) (Jackendoff, 1990;Johnson and Fillmore, 2000) improves the automatic detection of correct answers to a target question.
in  kernels for the processing of PASs (in PropBank 1 format (Kingsbury and Palmer, 2002)) extracted from question/answer pairs were proposed.