Puzzling Politics: A Methodology for Turning World-Systems Analysis Inside-Out | Gates | Journal of World-Systems Research
Leslie C. Gates is Associate Professor and Director of Graduate Studies at Binghamton University’s Department of Sociology. An interest in what makes radical political projects possible motivates her research on national political transformations in Latin America. Her research reveals how the structures and prime agents of the capitalist world-economy, the economic elite, thwart, coopt or ally with such efforts.
Mehmet Deniz is a doctoral candidate in Sociology at Binghamton University writing a dissertation on the divergent elite segments, which helped bring Turkey's current religiously conservative neoliberal government to power.
Home > Vol 25, No 1 (2019) >	Gates
Leslie C. Gates, Mehmet Deniz
Can world-systems analysis illuminate politics? Can it help explain why illiberal regimes, outsider parties, and anti-immigrant rhetoric seem to be on the rise? Can it help explain any such nationalchanges that seem destined to shift how nations relate to world markets? Leading surveys of historical sociology seem to say no. We disagree. While there are problems with Wallerstein’s early mode of analyzing politicsin the capitalist world-system from the outside-in, historical sociologists have been too quick to dismiss world-systems analysis. We propose an alternative inside-out approach anchored in a methodology for selecting what to study: those national political transformations which constitute puzzling instances within a given world-historical political process. We recommend promising theoretical lineages to guide empirical research on the selected puzzle: those that specify the elite social bases of politics. We thereby turn world-systems analysis inside-out. Our inside-out approach advances the project of world-systems analysis as a methodology, rather than a theoretical prescription in several ways. First, it addresses an important but largely overlooked question: how to select what to study. Second, it devises a methodology that can, but does not have to, pair with the methodology of incorporated comparisons. Third, it offers a methodology that stimulates, rather than forecloses, theoretical flexibility and fresh interpretations of politics and the world-economy. We illustrate the strengths of this new approach with three books, two of which won the best book award from ASA’s Political Economy of the World System (PEWS) Section.
National political transformation; World-historical methodology
Adams, Julia, Elisabeth Clemens, and Ann Shola Orloff, eds. 2005. Remaking Modernity. Duke University Press.
Akard, Patrick. 1992. “Corporate Mobilization and Political Power: The Transformation of U S Economic Policy in the 1970s.” American Sociological Review 57:597–615.
Arrighi, Giovanni, ed. 1985. Semiperipheral Development. The Politics of Southern Europe in the Twentieth Century. Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE Publications.
______. 1990. “The Developmentalist Illusion: A Reconceptualization of the Semiperiphery.” Pp. 11–41 in Semiperipheral States in the World-Economy, edited by W. G. Martin. New York: Greenwood Press.
______. 2001. “Global Capitalism and the Persistence of the North-South Divide.” Science and Society 65(4):469–76.
Arrighi, Giovanni and Jessica Drangel. 1986. “The Stratification of the World-Economy: An Exploration of the Semiperipheral Zone.” Review 10:9–74.
Arrighi, Giovanni, Terence K. Hopkins, and Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein. 1989. Antisystemic Movements. London; New York: Verso.
Babb, Sarah. 2002. Managing Mexico: Economists from Nationalism to Neoliberalism. Princeton: Princeton University.
Babones, Salvatore. 2005. “The Country-Level Income Structure of the World-Economy.” Journal of World-Systems Research 11(1):29–55.
Bair, Jennifer. 2009. “Commodity Chains: Genealogy and Review.” Pp. 1–34 in Frontiers of Commodity Chains Research, edited by J. Bair. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
Brenner, Robert. 1977. “The Origins of Capitalist Development: A Critique of Neo-Smithian Marxism.” New Left Review (104):25–92.
Burawoy, Michael. 1989. “Two Methods in Search of Science: Skocpol versus Trotsky.” Theory and Society 18(6):759–805.
Cardoso, Fernando Henrique and Enzo Faletto. 1979. Dependency and Development in Latin America. University of California Press.
Centeno, Miguel Angel. 1995. Democracy within Reason. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State U. Press.
Chase-Dunn, Christopher. 1989. Global Formation. New York: Basil Blackwell.
______. 1990. “Resistance to Imperialism: Semiperipheral Actors.” Review 13:1–31.
Clemens, Elisabeth S. 2007. “Toward a Historicized Sociology: Theorizing Events, Processes, and Emergence.” Annual Review of Sociology 33(1):527–49.
Cox, Robert W. 1992. “Global Perestroika.” Socialist Register 28:26–43.
Domhoff, G. W. 1967. Who Rules America? Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall.
Dreiling, Michael C. 2000. “The Class Embeddedness of Corporate Political Action: Leadership in Defense of the NAFTA.” Social Problems 47(1):21–48.
Dreiling, Michael and Derek Darves. 2011. “Corporate Unity in American Trade Policy: A Network Analysis of Corporate-Dyad Political Action.” American Journal of Sociology 116(5):1514–63.
Emigh, Rebecca J. 1997. “The Power of Negative Thinking: The Use of Negative Case Methodology in the Development of Sociological Theory.” Theory and Society 26(5):649-84.
Frank, Andre Gunder. 1969. Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America: Historical Studies of Chile and Brazil. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Gates, Leslie C. 2009. “Theorizing Business Power in the Semiperiphery: Mexico 1970-2000.” Theory and Society 38(1):57–95.
______. 2010. Electing Chávez: The Business of Anti-Neoliberal Politics in Venezuela. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
______. 2015. “Towards a Bottom-up View of Hegemony in a World-Systems Perspective.” Thesis Eleven 2015, Vol. 127(1) 30–32 127(1).
______. 2018. “Populism: A Puzzle without (and for) World-Systems Analysis.” Journal of World-Systems Research 24(2): 325-336.
Go, Julian and George Lawson. 2017. “For a Global Historical Sociology.” Pp. 1–34 in Global Historical Sociology, edited by J. Go and G. Lawson. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Grubacic, Andrej and Denis O’Hearn. 2016. Living at the Edges of Capitalism. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Hopkins, Terence K. and Immanuel Wallerstein. 1977. “Patterns of Development of the Modern World-System.” Review (Fernand Braudel Center) 1(2):111–45.
Hopkins, Terrence. 1978. “World-Systems Analysis: Methodological Issues.” Pp. 199–217 in Social Change in the Capitalist World Economy. Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications.
Jessop, Bob. 1997. “Capitalism and Its Future: Remarks on Regulation, Government and Governance.” Review of International Political Economy 4(3):561–81.
Karataşlı, Şahan Savaş. 2017. “The Capitalist World-Economy in the Longue Durée: Changing Modes of the Global Distribution of Wealth, 1500–2008.” Sociology of Development 3(2):163–96.
Kaup, Brent Z. 2012. Market Justice: Political Economic Struggle in Bolivia. Cambridge University Press.
Korzeniewicz, Roberto P. 1990. “The Limits to Semiperipheral Development: Argentina in the Twentieth Century.” Semiperipheral States in the World-Economy, edited by W. G. Martin. New York: Greenwood Press.
______. 2012. “Trends in World Income Inequality and the ‘Emerging Middle.” European Journal of Development Studies 24(2/April):205–22.
Korzeniewicz, Roberto and K. Awbrey. 1992. “Democratic Transitions and the Semiperiphery of the World-Economy.” Sociological Forum 7(4):609–40.
Mahoney, James. 2004. “Revisiting General Theory in Historical Sociology.” Social Forces 83(2):459–89.
Mahutga, Matthew C. 2006. “The Persistence of Structural Inequality? A Network Analysis of International Trade, 1965-2000.” Social Forces 84(4):1863–89.
Martin, William G. 1990. “Introduction: The Challenge of the Semiperiphery.” Pp. 3–10 in, Semiperipheral States in the World-Economy, edited by W. G. Martin. New York: Greenwood Press.
______. 2005. “Global Movements before ‘Globalization:’ Black Movements as World-historical Movements.” Review 21(8):7-28.
______. 2013. South Africa and the World-Economy: Remaking State, Race and Region. Rochester: Rochester U. Press.
McMichael, Philip. 1990. “Incorporating Comparison within a World-Historical Perspective: An Alternative Comparative Method.” American Sociological Review 55(3):385–97.
______. 2001. “Revisiting the Question of the Transnational State: A Comment on William Robinson’s ‘Social Theory and Globalization.’” Theory and Society 30(2):201–10.
Moore, Barrington. 1966. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston, Massachusets: Beacon Press.
Nemeth, Roger J. and David A. Smith. 1985. “International Trade and World-System Structure: A Multiple Network Analysis.” Review (Fernand Braudel Center) 8(4):517–60.
Paige, Jeffery. 1999. “Conjuncture, Comparison, and Conditional Theory in Macrosocial Inquiry.” American Journal of Sociology 105(3):781–800.
Polanyi, Karl. 2001. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Boston, Massachusets: Beacon Press.
Prechel, Harland. 1990. “Steel and the State: Industry Politics and Business Policy Formation, 1940-1989.” American Sociological Review 55(5):648–68.
Quark, Amy. 2013. Global Rivalries. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press.
Quijano, Anibal. 2000. “Coloniality of Power, Eurocentrism, and Latin America.” Nepantla: Views from South 1(3):533–80.
Robinson, W. I. and J. Harris. 2000. “Towards a Global Ruling Class? Globalization and the Transnational Capitalist Class.” Science & Society 64(1):11–54.
Rodney, Walter. 1972. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. London; Dar es Salaam; London (141 Coldershaw Rd, W.13): Bogle-L’Ouverture Publications; Tanzania Publishing House.
Santiago-Valles, Kelvin. 2012. “The Fin de Siecles of Great Britain and the United States: Comparing Two Declinng Phases of Global Capitalist Hegemony.” Pp. 182–90, 413–18 in Endless Empire: Spain’s Retreat, Europe’s Eclipse, and America’s Decline, edited by A. McCoy, J. Fradera, and S. Jacobson. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press.
Schwartzman, Kathleen. 1998. “Globalization and Democracy.” Annual Review of Sociology 24:159–81.
Sewell, William H. 1996. “Three Temporalities: Toward a Sociology of the Event.” Pp. 245–80 in The Historic Turn in the Human Sciences, edited by Terence J. McDonald. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Silver, Berverly. 2003. Forces of Labor: Workers’ Movements and Globalization Since 1870. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
Skocpol, Theda. 1977. “Wallerstein’s World Capitalist System: A Theoretical and Historical Critique” edited by I. Wallerstein. American Journal of Sociology 82(5):1075–90.
Snyder, David, & Kick, Edward. 1979. “Structural position in the world system and economic growth, 1955-1970: A multiple-network analysis of transnational interactions.” American Journal of Sociology, 84(5): 1096-1126.
Stallings, Barbara. 1992. “International Influence on Economic Policy: Debt, Stabilization, and Structural Reform.” Pp. 41–88 in, The Politics of Economic Adjustment: International Constraints, Distributive Conflicts, and the State, edited by S. Haggard and R. Kaufman. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Stinchcombe, Arthur L. 1982. “The Growth of the World System” edited by I. Wallerstein. American Journal of Sociology 87(6):1389–95.
Taylor, Peter. 1993. “Review of Unthinking Social Science. The Limits of Nineteenth-Century Paradigms. by Immanuel Wallerstein.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 83(3):551–53.
Thacker, Strom. 2000. Big Business, the State, and Free Trade: Constructing Coalitions in Mexico. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tomich, Dale. 1994. “Small Islands and Huge Comparisons: Caribbean Plantations, Historical Unevenness, and Capitalist Modernity.” Social Science History 18(3):339–58.
______. 2004. “Capitalism, Slavery and the World Economy: Historical Theory and Theoretical History.” Pp. 3–31 in Through the Prism of Slavery: Labor, Capital and World Economy. Lantham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
______. 2018. “The Second Slavery and World Capitalism: A Perspective for Historical Inquiry.” Historia Social 63(3):477-50.
Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1974a. “Rise and Future Demise of the World Capitalist System: Concepts for Comparative Analysis.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 16(4):387–415.
______. 1974b. The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. New York: Academic Press.
______. 1976. “Semi-Peripheral Countries and the Contemporary World Crisis.” Theory and Society 3(4):461–83.
______. 1979. The Capitalist World Economy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
______. 1985. “The Relevance of the Concept of Semiperiphery to Southern Europe.” Pp. 31–39 in Semiperipheral Development. The Politics of Southern Europe in the Twentieth Century, edited by G. Arrighi. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
______. 1991. Unthinking Social Science: The Limits of Nineteenth-Century Paradigms. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
______. 2000. “From Sociology to Historical Social Science: Prospects and Obstacles.” The British Journal of Sociology 51(1):25–35.
______. 2002. “The Itinerary of World-Systems Analysis; or, How to Resist Becoming a Theory.” in New Directions in Contemporary Sociological Theory edited by J. Berger and M. Zelditch, Jr. Lanham, MD: Rowman and LIttlefield.
Winders, Bill. 2009. The Politics of Food Supply: U.S. Agricultural Policy in the World Economy. Revised ed. edition. New Haven, Conn.; London: Yale University Press.
Wynter, Sylvia. 2014. Sylvia Wynter: On Being Human as Praxis. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Zeitlin, Maurice. 1974. “Corporate Ownership and Control: The Large Corporation and the Capitalist Class.” American Journal of Sociology 79(5):1073–1119.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2019.667
Copyright (c) 2019 Leslie C. Gates, Mehmet Deniz
Puzzling Politics: A Methodology for Turning World-Systems Analysis Inside-Out | Gates | Journal of World-Systems Research
Leslie C. Gates is Associate Professor and Director of Graduate Studies at Binghamton University’s Department of Sociology. An interest in what makes radical political projects possible motivates her research on national political transformations in Latin America. Her research reveals how the structures and prime agents of the capitalist world-economy, the economic elite, thwart, coopt or ally with such efforts.
Mehmet Deniz is a doctoral candidate in Sociology at Binghamton University writing a dissertation on the divergent elite segments, which helped bring Turkey's current religiously conservative neoliberal government to power.
Home > Vol 25, No 1 (2019) >	Gates
Leslie C. Gates, Mehmet Deniz
Can world-systems analysis illuminate politics? Can it help explain why illiberal regimes, outsider parties, and anti-immigrant rhetoric seem to be on the rise? Can it help explain any such nationalchanges that seem destined to shift how nations relate to world markets? Leading surveys of historical sociology seem to say no. We disagree. While there are problems with Wallerstein’s early mode of analyzing politicsin the capitalist world-system from the outside-in, historical sociologists have been too quick to dismiss world-systems analysis. We propose an alternative inside-out approach anchored in a methodology for selecting what to study: those national political transformations which constitute puzzling instances within a given world-historical political process. We recommend promising theoretical lineages to guide empirical research on the selected puzzle: those that specify the elite social bases of politics. We thereby turn world-systems analysis inside-out. Our inside-out approach advances the project of world-systems analysis as a methodology, rather than a theoretical prescription in several ways. First, it addresses an important but largely overlooked question: how to select what to study. Second, it devises a methodology that can, but does not have to, pair with the methodology of incorporated comparisons. Third, it offers a methodology that stimulates, rather than forecloses, theoretical flexibility and fresh interpretations of politics and the world-economy. We illustrate the strengths of this new approach with three books, two of which won the best book award from ASA’s Political Economy of the World System (PEWS) Section.
National political transformation; World-historical methodology
Adams, Julia, Elisabeth Clemens, and Ann Shola Orloff, eds. 2005. Remaking Modernity. Duke University Press.
Akard, Patrick. 1992. “Corporate Mobilization and Political Power: The Transformation of U S Economic Policy in the 1970s.” American Sociological Review 57:597–615.
Arrighi, Giovanni, ed. 1985. Semiperipheral Development. The Politics of Southern Europe in the Twentieth Century. Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE Publications.
______. 1990. “The Developmentalist Illusion: A Reconceptualization of the Semiperiphery.” Pp. 11–41 in Semiperipheral States in the World-Economy, edited by W. G. Martin. New York: Greenwood Press.
______. 2001. “Global Capitalism and the Persistence of the North-South Divide.” Science and Society 65(4):469–76.
Arrighi, Giovanni and Jessica Drangel. 1986. “The Stratification of the World-Economy: An Exploration of the Semiperipheral Zone.” Review 10:9–74.
Arrighi, Giovanni, Terence K. Hopkins, and Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein. 1989. Antisystemic Movements. London; New York: Verso.
Babb, Sarah. 2002. Managing Mexico: Economists from Nationalism to Neoliberalism. Princeton: Princeton University.
Babones, Salvatore. 2005. “The Country-Level Income Structure of the World-Economy.” Journal of World-Systems Research 11(1):29–55.
Bair, Jennifer. 2009. “Commodity Chains: Genealogy and Review.” Pp. 1–34 in Frontiers of Commodity Chains Research, edited by J. Bair. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
Brenner, Robert. 1977. “The Origins of Capitalist Development: A Critique of Neo-Smithian Marxism.” New Left Review (104):25–92.
Burawoy, Michael. 1989. “Two Methods in Search of Science: Skocpol versus Trotsky.” Theory and Society 18(6):759–805.
Cardoso, Fernando Henrique and Enzo Faletto. 1979. Dependency and Development in Latin America. University of California Press.
Centeno, Miguel Angel. 1995. Democracy within Reason. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State U. Press.
Chase-Dunn, Christopher. 1989. Global Formation. New York: Basil Blackwell.
______. 1990. “Resistance to Imperialism: Semiperipheral Actors.” Review 13:1–31.
Clemens, Elisabeth S. 2007. “Toward a Historicized Sociology: Theorizing Events, Processes, and Emergence.” Annual Review of Sociology 33(1):527–49.
Cox, Robert W. 1992. “Global Perestroika.” Socialist Register 28:26–43.
Domhoff, G. W. 1967. Who Rules America? Englewood Cliffs, N.J., Prentice-Hall.
Dreiling, Michael C. 2000. “The Class Embeddedness of Corporate Political Action: Leadership in Defense of the NAFTA.” Social Problems 47(1):21–48.
Dreiling, Michael and Derek Darves. 2011. “Corporate Unity in American Trade Policy: A Network Analysis of Corporate-Dyad Political Action.” American Journal of Sociology 116(5):1514–63.
Emigh, Rebecca J. 1997. “The Power of Negative Thinking: The Use of Negative Case Methodology in the Development of Sociological Theory.” Theory and Society 26(5):649-84.
Frank, Andre Gunder. 1969. Capitalism and Underdevelopment in Latin America: Historical Studies of Chile and Brazil. New York: Monthly Review Press.
Gates, Leslie C. 2009. “Theorizing Business Power in the Semiperiphery: Mexico 1970-2000.” Theory and Society 38(1):57–95.
______. 2010. Electing Chávez: The Business of Anti-Neoliberal Politics in Venezuela. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
______. 2015. “Towards a Bottom-up View of Hegemony in a World-Systems Perspective.” Thesis Eleven 2015, Vol. 127(1) 30–32 127(1).
______. 2018. “Populism: A Puzzle without (and for) World-Systems Analysis.” Journal of World-Systems Research 24(2): 325-336.
Go, Julian and George Lawson. 2017. “For a Global Historical Sociology.” Pp. 1–34 in Global Historical Sociology, edited by J. Go and G. Lawson. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
Grubacic, Andrej and Denis O’Hearn. 2016. Living at the Edges of Capitalism. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Hopkins, Terence K. and Immanuel Wallerstein. 1977. “Patterns of Development of the Modern World-System.” Review (Fernand Braudel Center) 1(2):111–45.
Hopkins, Terrence. 1978. “World-Systems Analysis: Methodological Issues.” Pp. 199–217 in Social Change in the Capitalist World Economy. Beverly Hills, California: Sage Publications.
Jessop, Bob. 1997. “Capitalism and Its Future: Remarks on Regulation, Government and Governance.” Review of International Political Economy 4(3):561–81.
Karataşlı, Şahan Savaş. 2017. “The Capitalist World-Economy in the Longue Durée: Changing Modes of the Global Distribution of Wealth, 1500–2008.” Sociology of Development 3(2):163–96.
Kaup, Brent Z. 20
12. Market Justice: Political Economic Struggle in Bolivia. Cambridge University Press.
Korzeniewicz, Roberto P. 1990. “The Limits to Semiperipheral Development: Argentina in the Twentieth Century.” Semiperipheral States in the World-Economy, edited by W. G. Martin. New York: Greenwood Press.
______. 2012. “Trends in World Income Inequality and the ‘Emerging Middle.” European Journal of Development Studies 24(2/April):205–22.
Korzeniewicz, Roberto and K. Awbrey. 1992. “Democratic Transitions and the Semiperiphery of the World-Economy.” Sociological Forum 7(4):609–40.
Mahoney, James. 2004. “Revisiting General Theory in Historical Sociology.” Social Forces 83(2):459–89.
Mahutga, Matthew C. 2006. “The Persistence of Structural Inequality? A Network Analysis of International Trade, 1965-2000.” Social Forces 84(4):1863–89.
Martin, William G. 1990. “Introduction: The Challenge of the Semiperiphery.” Pp. 3–10 in, Semiperipheral States in the World-Economy, edited by W. G. Martin. New York: Greenwood Press.
______. 2005. “Global Movements before ‘Globalization:’ Black Movements as World-historical Movements.” Review 21(8):7-28.
______. 2013. South Africa and the World-Economy: Remaking State, Race and Region. Rochester: Rochester U. Press.
McMichael, Philip. 1990. “Incorporating Comparison within a World-Historical Perspective: An Alternative Comparative Method.” American Sociological Review 55(3):385–97.
______. 2001. “Revisiting the Question of the Transnational State: A Comment on William Robinson’s ‘Social Theory and Globalization.’” Theory and Society 30(2):201–10.
Moore, Barrington. 1966. Social Origins of Dictatorship and Democracy: Lord and Peasant in the Making of the Modern World. Boston, Massachusets: Beacon Press.
Nemeth, Roger J. and David A. Smith. 1985. “International Trade and World-System Structure: A Multiple Network Analysis.” Review (Fernand Braudel Center) 8(4):517–60.
Paige, Jeffery. 1999. “Conjuncture, Comparison, and Conditional Theory in Macrosocial Inquiry.” American Journal of Sociology 105(3):781–800.
Polanyi, Karl. 2001. The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time. Boston, Massachusets: Beacon Press.
Prechel, Harland. 1990. “Steel and the State: Industry Politics and Business Policy Formation, 1940-1989.” American Sociological Review 55(5):648–68.
Quark, Amy. 2013. Global Rivalries. Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press.
Quijano, Anibal. 2000. “Coloniality of Power, Eurocentrism, and Latin America.” Nepantla: Views from South 1(3):533–80.
Robinson, W. I. and J. Harris. 2000. “Towards a Global Ruling Class? Globalization and the Transnational Capitalist Class.” Science & Society 64(1):11–54.
Rodney, Walter. 1972. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. London; Dar es Salaam; London (141 Coldershaw Rd, W.13): Bogle-L’Ouverture Publications; Tanzania Publishing House.
Santiago-Valles, Kelvin. 2012. “The Fin de Siecles of Great Britain and the United States: Comparing Two Declinng Phases of Global Capitalist Hegemony.” Pp. 182–90, 413–18 in Endless Empire: Spain’s Retreat, Europe’s Eclipse, and America’s Decline, edited by A. McCoy, J. Fradera, and S. Jacobson. Madison, Wis.: University of Wisconsin Press.
Schwartzman, Kathleen. 1998. “Globalization and Democracy.” Annual Review of Sociology 24:159–81.
Sewell, William H. 1996. “Three Temporalities: Toward a Sociology of the Event.” Pp. 245–80 in The Historic Turn in the Human Sciences, edited by Terence J. McDonald. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
Silver, Berverly. 2003. Forces of Labor: Workers’ Movements and Globalization Since 1870. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
Skocpol, Theda. 1977. “Wallerstein’s World Capitalist System: A Theoretical and Historical Critique” edited by I. Wallerstein. American Journal of Sociology 82(5):1075–90.
Snyder, David, & Kick, Edward. 1979. “Structural position in the world system and economic growth, 1955-1970: A multiple-network analysis of transnational interactions.” American Journal of Sociology, 84(5): 1096-1126.
Stallings, Barbara. 1992. “International Influence on Economic Policy: Debt, Stabilization, and Structural Reform.” Pp. 41–88 in, The Politics of Economic Adjustment: International Constraints, Distributive Conflicts, and the State, edited by S. Haggard and R. Kaufman. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
Stinchcombe, Arthur L. 1982. “The Growth of the World System” edited by I. Wallerstein. American Journal of Sociology 87(6):1389–95.
Taylor, Peter. 1993. “Review of Unthinking Social Science. The Limits of Nineteenth-Century Paradigms. by Immanuel Wallerstein.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers 83(3):551–53.
Thacker, Strom. 2000. Big Business, the State, and Free Trade: Constructing Coalitions in Mexico. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Tomich, Dale. 1994. “Small Islands and Huge Comparisons: Caribbean Plantations, Historical Unevenness, and Capitalist Modernity.” Social Science History 18(3):339–58.
______. 2004. “Capitalism, Slavery and the World Economy: Historical Theory and Theoretical History.” Pp. 3–31 in Through the Prism of Slavery: Labor, Capital and World Economy. Lantham: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
______. 2018. “The Second Slavery and World Capitalism: A Perspective for Historical Inquiry.” Historia Social 63(3):477-50.
Wallerstein, Immanuel. 1974a. “Rise and Future Demise of the World Capitalist System: Concepts for Comparative Analysis.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 16(4):387–415.
______. 1974b. The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century. New York: Academic Press.
______. 1976. “Semi-Peripheral Countries and the Contemporary World Crisis.” Theory and Society 3(4):461–83.
______. 1979. The Capitalist World Economy. New York: Cambridge University Press.
______. 1985. “The Relevance of the Concept of Semiperiphery to Southern Europe.” Pp. 31–39 in Semiperipheral Development. The Politics of Southern Europe in the Twentieth Century, edited by G. Arrighi. Beverly Hills: Sage Publications.
______. 1991. Unthinking Social Science: The Limits of Nineteenth-Century Paradigms. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
______. 2000. “From Sociology to Historical Social Science: Prospects and Obstacles.” The British Journal of Sociology 51(1):25–35.
______. 2002. “The Itinerary of World-Systems Analysis; or, How to Resist Becoming a Theory.” in New Directions in Contemporary Sociological Theory edited by J. Berger and M. Zelditch, Jr. Lanham, MD: Rowman and LIttlefield.
Winders, Bill. 2009. The Politics of Food Supply: U.S. Agricultural Policy in the World Economy. Revised ed. edition. New Haven, Conn.; London: Yale University Press.
Wynter, Sylvia. 2014. Sylvia Wynter: On Being Human as Praxis. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
Zeitlin, Maurice. 1974. “Corporate Ownership and Control: The Large Corporation and the Capitalist Class.” American Journal of Sociology 79(5):1073–1119.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2019.667
Copyright (c) 2019 Leslie C. Gates, Mehmet Deniz