its helpful and thanks
Rafi Mehar Jaan
Good t study
9414506482v
at Progressive Liberal Party
sadaf456
Møhåméd Tlhâ
, Manager at Young Money
Rose Lyn Paghasian
, Secondary Teacher at Department of Education - Philippines
Pavithra Prabodya
, Student at HNDIT
SUBNETTING<br />Developed by Peter Smith<br />
Peter Smith<br />2<br />Subnetting <br />A network has its own unique address, such as a Class B network with the address 172.20.0.0 which has all zeroes in the host portion of the address.<br />From the basic definitions of a Class B network & the default Class B subnet mask, you know that this network can be created as a single network that contains 65,534 individual hosts.<br />
Peter Smith<br />3<br />Subnetting<br />Through the use of subnetting, the network from the previous slide can be logically divided into subnets with fewer hosts on each subnetwork.<br />It does not improve the available shared bandwidth, but it cuts down on the amount of broadcast traffic generated over the entire network as well.<br />
Peter Smith<br />4<br />Broadcast Domain<br />A broadcast is a message that every node on a network or subnetwork receives & examines.<br />Generally speaking, routers do not propagate broadcasts, which is one of the benefits of installing a router in the first place.<br />
Peter Smith<br />5<br />Broadcast Domain<br />Flooded broadcasts (those with the nominal broadcast address of 255.255.255.255) are not forwarded by the router & are considered local traffic only.<br />Directed broadcasts, which contain all 1’s in the Host portion of the IP address, are addressed to a specific subnetwork & are allowed to pass.<br />
Peter Smith<br />6<br />Subnetting<br />The 2 primary benefits of subnetting are: <br />Fewer IP addresses, often as few as one, are needed to provide addressing to a network & subnetting.<br />Subnetting usually results in smaller routing tables in routers beyond the local internetwork.<br />
Peter Smith<br />7<br />Subnetting<br />Example of subnetting: when the network administrator divides the 172.20.0.0 network into 5 smaller networks – 172.20.1.0, 172.20.2.0, 172.20.3.0, 172.20.4.0 & 172.20.5.0 – the outside world stills sees the network as 172.20.0.0, but the internal routers now break the network addressing into the 5 smaller subnetworks. <br />
Peter Smith<br />8<br />Subnetting<br />In the example, only a single IP address is used to reference the network & instead of 5 network addresses, only one network reference is included in the routing tables of routers on other networks.<br />
Peter Smith<br />9<br />Borrowing Bits<br />The key concept in subnetting is borrowing bits from the host portion of the network to create a subnetwork.<br />Rules govern this borrowing, ensuring that some bits are left for a Host ID.<br />For each IP address class, only a certain number of bits can be borrowed from the host portion for use in the subnet mask. <br />
Peter Smith<br />10<br />Bits Available for Creating Subnets<br />Address Class<br />Host Bits<br />Bits Available for Subnet<br />A<br />24<br />22<br />B<br />16<br />14<br />C<br />8<br />6<br />Borrowing Bits<br />
Peter Smith<br />11<br />Class A Network<br />The default subnet mask for a class A network is 255.0.0.0 which allows for more than 16,000,000 hosts on a single network.<br />The default subnet mask uses only 8 bits to identify the network, leaving 24 bits for host addressing .<br />
Peter Smith<br />12<br />Class A Network<br />To subnet a Class A network, you need to borrow a sufficient number of bits from the 24-bit host portion of the mask to allow for the number of subnets you plan to create, now & in the future.<br />Example: To create 2 subnets with more than 4 millions hosts per subnet, you must borrow 2 bits from the 2nd octet & use 10 masked (value equals one) bits for the subnet mask (11111111.11000000) or 255.192 in decimal. <br />
Peter Smith<br />13<br />Class A Network<br />Keep in mind that each of the 8-bit octets has binary place values.<br />When you borrow bits from the Host ID portion of the standard mask, you don’t change the value of the bits, only how they are grouped & used.<br />
Peter Smith<br />14<br />Class A Network<br />
Peter Smith<br />15<br />Class A Subnet Masks<br />A sample of subnet mask options available for Class A addresses. <br />
Peter Smith<br />16<br />Class A Subnet Masks<br />All subnet masks contain 32 bits; no more, no less.<br />However a subnet mask cannot filter more than 30 bits. This means 2 things:<br />One, that there cannot be more than 30 ones bits in the subnet mask.<br />Two, that there must always be at least 2 bits available for the Host ID.<br />
Peter Smith<br />17<br />Class A Subnet Masks<br />Remember that the addresses with all ones (broadcast address) & all zeroes (local network) cannot be used as they have special meanings.<br />
Peter Smith<br />18<br />Subnetting Class B & Class C<br />The table from “Class A Subnet Masks” is similar to the tables used for Class B & Class C IP addresses & subnet masks.<br />The only differences are that you have fewer options (due to a fewer number of bits available) & that you’re much more likely to work with Class B & Class C networks in real life.<br />
Peter Smith<br />19<br />Subnetting Class B & Class C<br />A sample of the subnet masks available for Class B networks. <br />
Peter Smith<br />20<br />Subnetting Class B & Class C<br />A list of the subnet masks available for Class C networks. <br />
Peter Smith<br />21<br />Knowing How to Calculate Subnets<br />To determine the number of subnets & hosts per subnet available for any of the available subnet masks, 2 simple formulas to calculate these numbers: <br />
Peter Smith<br />22<br />Knowing How to Calculate Subnets<br />Although the 2 formulas look identical, the key is to remember the number you’re trying to calculate, hosts or subnets.<br />Eg., suppose you are asked to determine the number of subnets available & the number of hosts available on each subnet on the network 192.168.1.0 <br />
Peter Smith<br />23<br />Knowing How to Calculate Subnets<br />Using the subnet & hosts formulas, the answers are easily calculated. Of course, you must know your powers of 2 to calculate the answers.<br />
Peter Smith<br />24<br />Class C Subnets<br />Knowing the relationships in this table will significantly reduce the time you spend calculating subnetting problems.<br />
Peter Smith<br />25<br />Class C Subnets (Cont.)<br />To determine the total length of the subnet mask, add 24 to the number of borrowed (subnet) bits.<br />
Peter Smith<br />26<br />Class B Subnets<br />To calculate the number of subnets & hosts available from a Class B subnet mask, you use the same host & subnet formulas described for calculating Class C values.<br />Using these formulas I have constructed a table that contains the Class B subnet & host values.<br />
Peter Smith<br />27<br />Class B Subnets<br />
its helpful and thanks
Rafi Mehar Jaan
Good t study
9414506482v
at Progressive Liberal Party
sadaf456
Møhåméd Tlhâ
, Manager at Young Money
Rose Lyn Paghasian
, Secondary Teacher at Department of Education - Philippines
Pavithra Prabodya
, Student at HNDIT
SUBNETTING<br />Developed by Peter Smith<br />
Peter Smith<br />2<br />Subnetting <br />A network has its own unique address, such as a Class B network with the address 172.20.0.0 which has all zeroes in the host portion of the address.<br />From the basic definitions of a Class B network & the default Class B subnet mask, you know that this network can be created as a single network that contains 65,534 individual hosts.<br />
Peter Smith<br />3<br />Subnetting<br />Through the use of subnetting, the network from the previous slide can be logically divided into subnets with fewer hosts on each subnetwork.<br />It does not improve the available shared bandwidth, but it cuts down on the amount of broadcast traffic generated over the entire network as well.<br />
Peter Smith<br />4<br />Broadcast Domain<br />A broadcast is a message that every node on a network or subnetwork receives & examines.<br />Generally speaking, routers do not propagate broadcasts, which is one of the benefits of installing a router in the first place.<br />
Peter Smith<br />5<br />Broadcast Domain<br />Flooded broadcasts (those with the nominal broadcast address of 255.255.255.255) are not forwarded by the router & are considered local traffic only.<br />Directed broadcasts, which contain all 1’s in the Host portion of the IP address, are addressed to a specific subnetwork & are allowed to pass.<br />
Peter Smith<br />6<br />Subnetting<br />The 2 primary benefits of subnetting are: <br />Fewer IP addresses, often as few as one, are needed to provide addressing to a network & subnetting.<br />Subnetting usually results in smaller routing tables in routers beyond the local internetwork.<br />
Peter Smith<br />7<br />Subnetting<br />Example of subnetting: when the network administrator divides the 172.20.0.0 network into 5 smaller networks – 172.20.1.0, 172.20.2.0, 172.20.3.0, 172.20.4.0 & 172.20.5.0 – the outside world stills sees the network as 172.20.0.0, but the internal routers now break the network addressing into the 5 smaller subnetworks. <br />
Peter Smith<br />8<br />Subnetting<br />In the example, only a single IP address is used to reference the network & instead of 5 network addresses, only one network reference is included in the routing tables of routers on other networks.<br />
Peter Smith<br />9<br />Borrowing Bits<br />The key concept in subnetting is borrowing bits from the host portion of the network to create a subnetwork.<br />Rules govern this borrowing, ensuring that some bits are left for a Host ID.<br />For each IP address class, only a certain number of bits can be borrowed from the host portion for use in the subnet mask. <br />
Peter Smith<br />10<br />Bits Available for Creating Subnets<br />Address Class<br />Host Bits<br />Bits Available for Subnet<br />A<br />24<br />22<br />B<br />16<br />14<br />C<br />8<br />6<br />Borrowing Bits<br />
Peter Smith<br />11<br />Class A Network<br />The default subnet mask for a class A network is 255.0.0.0 which allows for more than 16,000,000 hosts on a single network.<br />The default subnet mask uses only 8 bits to identify the network, leaving 24 bits for host addressing .<br />
Peter Smith<br />12<br />Class A Network<br
 />To subnet a Class A network, you need to borrow a sufficient number of bits from the 24-bit host portion of the mask to allow for the number of subnets you plan to create, now & in the future.<br />Example: To create 2 subnets with more than 4 millions hosts per subnet, you must borrow 2 bits from the 2nd octet & use 10 masked (value equals one) bits for the subnet mask (11111111.11000000) or 255.192 in decimal. <br />
Peter Smith<br />13<br />Class A Network<br />Keep in mind that each of the 8-bit octets has binary place values.<br />When you borrow bits from the Host ID portion of the standard mask, you don’t change the value of the bits, only how they are grouped & used.<br />
Peter Smith<br />14<br />Class A Network<br />
Peter Smith<br />15<br />Class A Subnet Masks<br />A sample of subnet mask options available for Class A addresses. <br />
Peter Smith<br />16<br />Class A Subnet Masks<br />All subnet masks contain 32 bits; no more, no less.<br />However a subnet mask cannot filter more than 30 bits. This means 2 things:<br />One, that there cannot be more than 30 ones bits in the subnet mask.<br />Two, that there must always be at least 2 bits available for the Host ID.<br />
Peter Smith<br />17<br />Class A Subnet Masks<br />Remember that the addresses with all ones (broadcast address) & all zeroes (local network) cannot be used as they have special meanings.<br />
Peter Smith<br />18<br />Subnetting Class B & Class C<br />The table from “Class A Subnet Masks” is similar to the tables used for Class B & Class C IP addresses & subnet masks.<br />The only differences are that you have fewer options (due to a fewer number of bits available) & that you’re much more likely to work with Class B & Class C networks in real life.<br />
Peter Smith<br />19<br />Subnetting Class B & Class C<br />A sample of the subnet masks available for Class B networks. <br />
Peter Smith<br />20<br />Subnetting Class B & Class C<br />A list of the subnet masks available for Class C networks. <br />
Peter Smith<br />21<br />Knowing How to Calculate Subnets<br />To determine the number of subnets & hosts per subnet available for any of the available subnet masks, 2 simple formulas to calculate these numbers: <br />
Peter Smith<br />22<br />Knowing How to Calculate Subnets<br />Although the 2 formulas look identical, the key is to remember the number you’re trying to calculate, hosts or subnets.<br />Eg., suppose you are asked to determine the number of subnets available & the number of hosts available on each subnet on the network 192.168.1.0 <br />
Peter Smith<br />23<br />Knowing How to Calculate Subnets<br />Using the subnet & hosts formulas, the answers are easily calculated. Of course, you must know your powers of 2 to calculate the answers.<br />
Peter Smith<br />24<br />Class C Subnets<br />Knowing the relationships in this table will significantly reduce the time you spend calculating subnetting problems.<br />
Peter Smith<br />25<br />Class C Subnets (Cont.)<br />To determine the total length of the subnet mask, add 24 to the number of borrowed (subnet) bits.<br />
Peter Smith<br />26<br />Class B Subnets<br />To calculate the number of subnets & hosts available from a Class B subnet mask, you use the same host & subnet formulas described for calculating Class C values.<br />Using these formulas I have constructed a table that contains the Class B subnet & host values.<br />
Peter Smith<br />27<br />Class B Subnets<br />