Atmospheric CO2 From Flask Air Samples at Barrow, Alaska, U.S.A.
Atmospheric Trace Gases » CO2 » Flask Air Samples, SIO Network » Point Barrow, Alaska
C.D. Keeling and T.P. Whorf
Carbon Dioxide Research Group, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, California 92093-0444, U.S.A.
Atmospheric CO2 samples were collected at monthly to semi-monthly intervals until 1981; after 1981 samples were collected at approximately weekly intervals. Samples are collected in 5-L evacuated glas flasks, and then returned to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) where CO2 concentrations have been determined using an Applied Physics Corporation (APC) nondispersive infrared gas analyzer. Further information on measurements, calibration procedures, and analysis is available in the references listed below.
Barrow, Alaska, U.S.A.
On the coast of the Arctic Ocean
71°19' N, 156°36' W, 11 m above MSL
The average of unflagged data for the first full year of measurements (1974) was 332.8 ppmv; 2001 values averaged 371.8 ppmv for an upward trend of 1.44 ppmv/year. Graphics here show the first and last year of data to display the change in mean over time and the annual amplitudes. Long term trend curves are better displayed using SIO's monthly averaged data.
Guenther, P.R., A. Bollenbacher, C.D. Keeling, and D. Moss. 2002 Technical Report: Infrared Analyses of NOAA Primary CO2-in-Air Reference Gas Standards at SIO, 1991-1999.
Guenther, P.R., G. Emanuele, and C.D. Keeling. 2002. Alternative Formulation of 1985-1999 Calibrations after Re-calibration of 4cc Chanber Volume of Mercury Manometer. Addendium to: Scripps Reference Gas Calibration System for Carbon-Dioxide-in Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide-in-Air Standards: Revision of 1999, February 2002.
See Diagram of the constant-volume mercury-column manometer.
Keeling, C.D., R.B. Bacastow, A.F. Carter, S.C. Piper, T.P. Whorf, M. Heimann, W.G. Mook, and H. Roeloffzen. 1989. A three-dimensional model of atmospheric CO2 transport based on observed winds: 1. Analysis of observational data. In D.H. Peterson (ed.), Aspects of Climate Variability in the Pacific and the Western Americas, 165-236, Geophysical Monograph 55, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC.
Keeling, C.D., T.P. Whorf, M. Wahlen & J. van der Plicht. 1995. Interannual extremes in the rate of rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide since 1980, Nature 375, 666-670.
Keeling, C.D., S.C. Piper, R.B. Bacastow, M. Wahlen, T.P. Whorf, M. Heimann, and H.A. Meijer. 2001. Exchanges of Atmospheric CO2 and 13CO2 with the Terrestrial Biosphere and Oceans from 1978 to 2000. I. Global Aspects. SIO Reference No. 01-06 (Revised from SIO Reference No. 00-21), June 2001.
Keeling, C.D., P.R. Guenther, G. Emanuele III, A. Bollenbacher, and D.J. Moss. 2002. Scripps Reference Gas Calibration System for Carbon Dioxide-in-Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide-in-Air Standards: Revision of 1999 (with Appendix and Addendum). SIO Reference Series No. 01-11.
CITE AS: Keeling, C.D. and T.P. Whorf. 2004. Atmospheric CO2 concentrations derived from flask air samples at sites in the SIO network. In Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A.
Atmospheric CO2 From Flask Air Samples at Barrow, Alaska, U.S.A.
Atmospheric Trace Gases » CO2 » Flask Air Samples, SIO Network » Point Barrow, Alaska
C.D. Keeling and T.P. Whorf
Carbon Dioxide Research Group, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, La Jolla, California 92093-0444, U.S.A.
Atmospheric CO2 samples were collected at monthly to semi-monthly intervals until 1981; after 1981 samples were collected at approximately weekly intervals. Samples are collected in 5-L evacuated glas flasks, and then returned to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) where CO2 concentrations have been determined using an Applied Physics Corporation (APC) nondispersive infrared gas analyzer. Further information on measurements, calibration procedures, and analysis is available in the references listed below.
Barrow, Alaska, U.S.A.
On the coast of the Arctic Ocean
71°19' N, 156°36' W, 11 m above MSL
The average of unflagged data for the first full year of measurements (1974) was 332.8 ppmv; 2001 values averaged 371.8 ppmv for an upward trend of 1.44 ppmv/year. Graphics here show the first and last year of data to display the change in mean over time and the annual amplitudes. Long term trend curves are better displayed using SIO's monthly averaged data.
Guenther, P.R., A. Bollenbacher, C.D. Keeling, and D. Moss. 2002 Technical Report: Infrared Analyses of NOAA Primary CO2-in-Air Reference Gas Standards at SIO, 1991-1999.
Guenther, P.R., G. Emanuele, and C.D. Keeling. 2002. Alternative Formulation of 1985-1999 Calibrations after Re-calibration of 4cc Chanber Volume of Mercury Manometer. Addendium to: Scripps R
eference Gas Calibration System for Carbon-Dioxide-in Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide-in-Air Standards: Revision of 1999, February 2002.
See Diagram of the constant-volume mercury-column manometer.
Keeling, C.D., R.B. Bacastow, A.F. Carter, S.C. Piper, T.P. Whorf, M. Heimann, W.G. Mook, and H. Roeloffzen. 1989. A three-dimensional model of atmospheric CO2 transport based on observed winds: 1. Analysis of observational data. In D.H. Peterson (ed.), Aspects of Climate Variability in the Pacific and the Western Americas, 165-236, Geophysical Monograph 55, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC.
Keeling, C.D., T.P. Whorf, M. Wahlen & J. van der Plicht. 1995. Interannual extremes in the rate of rise of atmospheric carbon dioxide since 1980, Nature 375, 666-670.
Keeling, C.D., S.C. Piper, R.B. Bacastow, M. Wahlen, T.P. Whorf, M. Heimann, and H.A. Meijer. 2001. Exchanges of Atmospheric CO2 and 13CO2 with the Terrestrial Biosphere and Oceans from 1978 to 2000. I. Global Aspects. SIO Reference No. 01-06 (Revised from SIO Reference No. 00-21), June 2001.
Keeling, C.D., P.R. Guenther, G. Emanuele III, A. Bollenbacher, and D.J. Moss. 2002. Scripps Reference Gas Calibration System for Carbon Dioxide-in-Nitrogen and Carbon Dioxide-in-Air Standards: Revision of 1999 (with Appendix and Addendum). SIO Reference Series No. 01-11.
CITE AS: Keeling, C.D. and T.P. Whorf. 2004. Atmospheric CO2 concentrations derived from flask air samples at sites in the SIO network. In Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, U.S.A.