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1	0	与哲学的双重文本。启蒙时代文学家多哲学家和思想家,如写过20多部哲理小说的伏尔泰,写了“教育哲理文学”《爱弥尔》的卢(其随笔更是文学与哲学交织),创作了史诗《浮士德》的歌德。现代西方文论注重学科化,但哲学对文学依然重要。韦勒克为《20世纪世界文学百科全书》撰写的《文学批评》认为20 批评有三个变化:更多自觉意识,社会地位提升,发展了新方法与新的评价尺度。而“批评的世纪”恰恰大量得到哲学启示。现代主义创作的哲学化也成为潮流。卡夫卡的荒诞世界具有穿透性的哲学思考,“卡夫卡热”与此相关。诸如表现主义、结构主义、意识流、黑色幽默、后现代和解构主义等文学都有哲学支撑。诺贝尔文学奖也始终看重给人类精神提供深刻启示、富有哲学价值的创作,体现了文史哲的综合尺度。中国文学接源哲学同样久远。传统文史哲不分家虽与学术领域不明有关,但也是因为三者有密切关联。先秦诸子散文代表如《论语》、《墨子》、《孟子》、《庄子》和《子》等都有哲学思考,尤其是《庄子》释的万物之“道”。它们或许缺乏古希哲学的逻辑性和形上意义,但也体现了中国哲学特点。古典文学向现代转型中,最早结合中西美学的王国维则是接受了叔本华、尼采等人的哲学。王国维曾说其《红楼梦评论》“全以叔氏为立足点”,其是《人间词话》创作也体现了叔氏哲学。中国文学大量接源哲学始于五四后流行的“主义文学”。中国现代(包括当代)文学伴随着各种“主义”,甚至可以说没有“主义”就没有中国现代文学。前30年新文学不必说,共和国前27年是社会主义文学大一统,新时期文学除启蒙主义重演,更借鉴了西方表现主义、人本主义、结构主义和存在主义等。主义文学涉及思潮、流派和创作方法多种情况,但“主义”都有哲学背景。接源哲学极大影响了文学的形上思考,涉及文学性质、作家认知、作品价值等系列问题。如新文学长期纠缠于阶级话语权,从接源哲学的效应看就无法独尊一端。接源哲学能激励文学的探索和深化,但教条化神圣化则会阻碍文学。哲学可能成为作家的重要认知甚至产生灵魂性影响,也可能为表面认知。中国现代文学接源哲学主要有三种效应:主义文学接源多元哲学;影响个体作家认知;影响文学走向并成为其性质证明。从哲学或我们曾津津乐道的“世界观”入手,不少问题更能正本清源。一、“主义文学”与多元哲学中国的“主义”多是来品,五四时期由于大量来还引发“主义与问题”之争。有感于知识界爱谈甚至奢谈主义,胡适写了《多研究些问题,少谈些“主义”》1,文章首先声明并不是劝人不研究一切学说和一切“主义”,认为它们也是研究问题的重要工具,但“‘主义’的大危险,就是能使人心满意足,自以为寻着了包医百病的‘根本解决’从此用不着费心力去研究这个那个具体问题的解决法了”。胡适看法无疑受到杜威实证哲学影响。李大很快写了《再论问题与主义》2,同意胡适所说要研究问题和不空谈主义,但声明必须谈主义,依据有两个:一是应该“先有一个共同趋向的理想、主义,作为实验自己生活上满意不满意的尺度”;二是主义有“根本解决”功能,如“依据马克思的唯物史观念,经济基础决定上层建筑,经济问题解决了,诸如政治、法律、家族制度、妇女解放、工人解放问题都可以迎刃而解”。差异似乎在主义功能的认识,其实关键在主义选择。胡适的主义是泛指,李大则特指马克思主义,否则难有“根本解决”论。文学与哲学的关系比较复杂。从认知目的、知识谱系和研究方法看,除探讨世界本原事物本质的本体论,如亚里士多德寻找宇宙“第一推动者”而被亚氏称为“第一哲学”的形而上学,还有很多领域哲学,如科学哲学、政治哲学、经济哲学、道德哲学、宗教哲学、艺术哲学、心理哲学、文化哲学。中国现代文学接源哲学既有本体论启示,更有领域哲学影响。如文研会受俄国和欧洲批判现实主义文学影响;前期创造社受欧洲启蒙主义与浪漫主义启示,还涉及“新浪漫主义”的唯美主义、象征主义、表现主义、废主义,后来革命文学则接受了马克思主义。它们接源哲学就包括本体论与领域哲学。接源多元哲学从影响最大的启蒙文学、阶级革命文学和自由主义文学就可看出。三种主义文学都有贯穿性:启蒙文学从五四兴起而新时期又重演;阶级革命文学从1928年的激烈提倡到共和国一统天下;曾颇为兴盛的自由主义文学在共和国受到冷遇,新时期又枯木逢春,如胡适的现代思想史地位被重新重视,大量自由主义文学经典被重新出版,周作人散文成为畅销书,出现了徐志摩热、林语堂热、沈从文热、张爱玲热等。先说启蒙主义文学哲学背景。以“光明驱散黑暗”的启蒙思想源自欧洲文艺复兴。围绕“人是中心”的人本哲学,文艺复兴以理性反对愚,以人性对抗神性与禁欲主义。启蒙运动提倡的“科学理性”、“天赋人权”、“自由天”等,则将“人是中心”推向“人的解放”,哲学思想主要为科学理性与人道主义。而启蒙成为中国五四知识界的共识,启蒙文学成为五四文学主潮,则主要有两种原因:一是欧洲启蒙主义契合五四新文化的科学与。正如陈独秀《文学革命论》所指出的:“今日庄严烂之欧洲,何自而来乎。曰,革命之也。欧语所谓革命者,为革故更新之义,与中土所谓朝代鼎革,绝不相类。故自文艺复兴以来,政治界有革命,宗教界亦有革命, 道德亦有革命,文学艺术,亦莫不有革命。”3 不管是否赞同陈独秀的理解,可以肯定的是无论留学欧美的胡适、陈西、徐志摩、林语堂、梁实秋、朱光潜等,还是留日的前期创造社成员郭沫若、张资平、成仿吾、郁达夫、田汉等,包括鲁迅与周作人,均受到欧洲启蒙思想影响。二是本土封建文化的固也需要启蒙。如鲁迅塑造的阿Q、孔乙己、祥林嫂、爱姑、九斤老太等体现了集体无意识的典型,这种国民性批判正是针对封建文化而有振发的启蒙意义。中国启蒙文学涉及文化思想和社会现状很多具体问题,但万变不离启蒙主义的哲学认知,这就是人本主义和人道主义的“人的解放”。中国现代文学800字同样源自西方的自由主义,涉及问题则较复杂。中国学者曾从不同角度探讨了中国自由主义状况,有研究者归纳了几种主要看法:如海光概括为孔、提倡科学、追求、好尚自由、倾向进步和使用白话文;欧阳哲生概括为认识论上的实证主义, 观上的个体主义,历史观上的进化论与经济思想的放任主义;许纪则认为理解自由主义不能看表相,而要关注终极价值问题。4 可谓见智见仁。不管看法多少,就中国自由主义文学而言,强调“人的自由”是基本立场,特别重视个体价值和保障个人自由的必须。因此自由主义反专制愚与启蒙主义一致,自由主义者必然也是启蒙者。胡适启蒙立场就很鲜明。如《易卜生主义》认为“易卜生主义”就是易卜生以写实主义“把家庭社会的实在情形都写了出来,叫人看了动心,叫人看了觉得我们的家庭社会原来是如此黑暗腐败,叫人看了觉得家庭社会真正不得不维新革命”5。这种痛恨“黑暗腐败”与鲁迅痛恨“吃人”文化可谓一致。但哲学认知和社会思想,中国的自由主义和启蒙主义又有差异。如面对“人的解放”这个总命题,启蒙者立足社会群体,自由主义者则看重个体价值。这并非忽视群体,而是认为群体由个体组成,个体命运是群体命运的立足点,个体权益得不到保障,群体权益则无从谈起。强调个体价值是自由主义人道思想的基本立场,并涉及如何理解科学理性和社会治理等问题。就文学思想看,启蒙者更强调文学为社会代言的功能,自由主义者也重视文学社会功能,但认为这种功能要经由个性创造,应该保留个人情趣与个人园地。这方面,周氏兄弟文学观念的差异就具有代表性,也导致他们分道扬。周作人当然赞同启蒙。他在《人的文学》中还以欧洲文艺复兴运动“人的发现”为背景表达了启蒙思考。围绕底层“非人的生活”,作者指出人的文学首先应具备人道立场,而这种人道主义“并非世间所谓‘悲天人’或‘博施济众’的慈善主义,乃是一种个人主义的人间本位主义”,个体的“我”应该“讲人道,爱人类”。6 强调个体未必不可,但与鲁迅启蒙立场显然有异。鲁迅很个体化,但其启蒙恰恰看重为社会代言的社会本位,而非个人本位更非个人情趣。同为“语丝派”核心作家,鲁迅认为小品文是首与投枪,提倡思想革命与战斗性;周作人则提倡书写个人性灵和题材多样,并喜欢平和冲淡风格。也是“语丝派”核心人物的林语堂不仅介绍西方幽默理论,还提倡以“幽默的艺术方式”去描写社会和揭示问题。“论语派”时期的周作人和林语堂一如既往。根据当时社会与文学的复杂状况,很难简单评判是非。但坚守个人园地确实是自由主义的文学立场。《文学研究会宣言》曾声称文学是一项于人生很切要的工作,而这种工作“正同劳农一样”。但注重为社会代言对作家个性多少有束。周作人是文研会发起者之一,《人的文学》却宣称自己既非“人生派”也不“艺术派”,而是“人生的艺术派”;认为文学工作不能“正同劳农一样”,与一般社会工作也不同,是个性精神的创作。这同样体现了自由主义文学立场。胡适的《易卜生主义》责中国社会“黑暗腐败”,认为“社会最大的罪恶莫过于催折个人的个性,不使他自由发展”。如何发展个人的个性胡适提出了两个互为支持的观点,一是必须保证“个人自由的意志”,二是个人必须对社会“担干系,负责任”。周作人的“讲人道,爱人类”明显有些模糊空泛,胡适的“担干系,负责任”则明确强调了个人权利与社会义务关系。这点非常重要。杜威实证主义哲学极大影响了胡适的哲学认知与文学研究。杜威1919年5月到上海后在中国呆了两年多,走遍大半个中国,在北京的五种演讲录先后重版10次。对老师的中国之行,胡适曾总结说杜威虽然没有给我们一些特别问题的特别主张,但给了我们一个哲学方法,让我们用它来解决我们的特别问题。曹聚仁也认为新文化运动风行的“历史方法”和“实验方法”在新文学方面的成果,与杜威实证主义密切相关。7 胡适确实偏爱实证哲学。如为何给自己白话诗集取名《尝试集》,胡适解释是:那时他想起陆游的一句诗“尝试成功自古无”,故用“尝试”为诗集名,也表明自己认为的“自古成功在尝试”的探索思想。1930年胡适在苏州青年会发表题为《科学的人生观》演说,由于涉及宇宙时刻、自然规律、物竞天择进化、社会道德等多方面,演说有些拉杂,但始终突出了“科学”立场。如何以科学的方法、精神、态度来解决人生问题,胡适就明确解释了四点:怀疑、事实、证据、真理。胡适以考据方法研究古典文学当然也与此有关。后期创造社和太阳社倡导的阶级革命文学,不管受日本无产阶级文学和苏联普罗文学影响多大,其核心是马克思主义阶级学说。由此革命文学强调了几个观点:一是无产阶级先进神圣,资产阶级反动腐,小资产阶级是个人主义。蒋光慈《关于革命文学》就认为具有先进思想的无产阶级是天然神圣的阶级。二是反启蒙主义,认为它是资产阶级智识分子的思想产物,并极力解构五四启蒙话语。如阿英(钱杏)《死去了的阿Q时代》就批评阿Q形象已无时代意义;麦克昂(郭沫若)的《英雄树》则将反封彻底的鲁迅也视为“封建余”和“二重反革命”。三是将资产阶级与封建阶级绑。这看似奇怪(资产阶级恰恰是反抗封建阶级而产生的),但却符合阶级革命文学逻辑:即除无产阶级之外,其他阶级都有问题。成仿吾《从文学革命到革命文学》就宣称“作家立场不在无产阶级,就是在封建阶级和资产阶级那边”。由此还责了“以《语丝》为中心的周作人一派的玩意儿”,认为他们提倡“趣味”与“闲暇”,不仅“代表着有闲的资产阶级”,也代表了“睡在鼓里的小资产阶级”。革命文学的哲学支撑是马克思主义的唯物论与辩证法,成仿吾呼吁:“努力获得辩证法的唯物论,努力把握唯物的辩证法的方法,它将给你以正当的指导,示你以必胜的战术。”8 但革命文学的唯我独尊与上纲上线战法其实背离了辩证法。这些问题左联时期得到纠正,但根本思维没变,并且延续到共和国文学。二、个体作家的哲学认知加《西绪福斯神话》讨论哲学与小说关系时,认为真正有思想的艺术家是“创造自己的宇宙”,伟大小说家通常也是伟大哲学家,巴尔扎克、萨德、麦尔维尔、斯丹达尔、陀思妥耶夫斯基、普鲁斯特、马尔罗、卡夫卡等就是。9 哲学认知对个体作家确实重要。中国现代大多数知名作家都曾被划入各种“主义文学”,其实两者关系复杂(一个作家可能涉及多种主义文学,可能前后变化很大)。即使划分不无道理,也无法概括作家的哲学思想、文化认知与生命感悟。如果说“诗僧”苏曼殊的超尘脱俗,冰心基督教的“爱的哲学”,许地山的佛教救,这种自我还相对单纯,更多作家的思想情感则不如此。而个体认知的多元与复杂,不仅给文学史带来丰富的思想细节和历史信息,也成为文学思想史的重要构成。个体思想的形成涉及多种因素,包括家庭背景、成长经历、接受教育、社会环境以及生物学遗传因素。如平伯、许地山、秋白、郁达夫等不少作家与佛教产生关系就有家庭影响。但导致中国现代作家个体复杂还有个特别重要的原因:新旧文化和中西哲学的激烈碰撞。不妨还是从王国维说起。钱基博说王国维“治日文之余,则从腾田博士受欧文及西洋哲学、文学、美术,尤善韩图、叔本华、尼采诸家之说,发挥其旨趣,为《静安文集
1	1	’a katılmadan önce, Prof. Barsade, on yıl boyunca Yale Üniversitesi’nde ders verdi. Del Monte, GlaxoSmithKline, Merrill Lynch, NBA, State Farm Insurance ve Philadelphia Gas Works gibi bazı kurumsal, kamu veya kar amacı gütmeyen müşterilerle çalışmıştır. Prof. Barsade, Administrative Science Quarterly, Organizational Behavior & Human Decision Processes, and Organization Science yayın kurullarında görev yapmaktadır. Damaged optic nerves – which run from the eye to the brain – have been regrown for the first time by scientists working with mice. The researchers believe the technique might one day restore sight to people whose optic nerves have been damaged by injury or glaucoma. It could even help regenerate other nerves in the body, they say. A team led by Dong Feng Chen, at the Schepens Eye Research Institute in Boston, US, combined two genetic modifications to regrow the optic nerve after it was damaged. First they turned on a gene called BCL-2, which promotes growth and regeneration of the optic nerve in young mice. This gene is normally turned off shortly before birth. They then bred those animals with other mice carrying genetic mutations that reduce scar tissue in injured nerves. The researchers crushed the optic nerves shortly after birth, and found that in young mice – less than 14 days old – between 40% and 70% of the injured optic nerve fibres regrew to reach their target destinations in the brain. No regrowth was seen in injured mice without the genetic modifications. That suggests the mice may have regained some vision, Chen told New Scientist, although the study cannot prove it did. However, the approach did not work on mice more than two weeks old. This may be because the effect of BCL-2 begins to weaken, and scarring – which takes time to set in – starts to inhibit healing. The study could offer some insight into why mammals tend to lose their ability to regrow nerves after a certain age – a phenomenon that remains largely a mystery, suggest the authors. “Unfortunately, the fountain of youth doesn’t last forever,” says Jerry Silver, a nerve regeneration expert at Case Western Reserve University in Ohio, US, who is not part of the team. “You can only give them two extra weeks” before the regeneration stops. But Silver was impressed by the breakthrough, saying the study had the potential to become a “classic” in the field. Chen says the relatively simple structure of the optic nerve may shed light on how to repair damage to more complicated systems, such as the spinal cord. To apply the genetic technique to humans, a form of gene therapy would have to be developed, or drugs developed that manipulate gene expression. Chen and her colleagues have applied for two patents on the methods they have developed to stimulate neural cell regeneration and prevent degeneration. Journal reference: Journal of Cell Science (March 2005 issue) Reckless arms trading devastates lives. Weapons and ammunition are produced and sold in shockingly large quantities. Twelve billion bullets are produced every year. That is almost enough to kill everyone in the world twice. Every day, thousands of people are killed, injured and forced to flee their homes because of gun violence and armed conflict. A global Arms Trade Treaty (ATT) imposing strict rules to regulate international arms transfers has been in force for over five years, yet global arms trading is still on the rise and continues to fuel human rights abuses. This is because some of the largest arms exporters like Russia and the USA have not ratified the treaty. And even countries that have ratified the treaty fail to comply with it, and transfer weapons and munitions to places where they risk being used to commit serious violations of international humanitarian law, including possible war crimes. Civilians typically bear the brunt of modern conflict. Weapons such as artillery, mortars, guided bombs and missiles destroy hospitals, homes, markets and transport systems, pushing survivors into poverty. People’s lives are destroyed. This is the cost of an unregulated arms trade industry. Irresponsible arms trading affects those living inside and outside areas of armed conflict and political instability. Gun violence is a daily tragedy that impacts people around the world, the vast majority of whom are not living in conflict zones. Globally, more than 500 people die every day because of violence committed by firearms. That’s why Amnesty is campaigning to stop the unregulated flow of all weapons, whether that be an unregistered hand-gun in the United States or combat aircraft in Yemen or Syria. Case Study – Saudi coalition in Yemen The war in Yemen continues to destroy the lives of civilians years after Huthi forces took over the country’s capital Sana’a in 2015. Shortly after the fall of Sana’a, a Saudi-led coalition intervened to restore the country’s UN-recognized government. Since the outbreak of the conflict, civilians have borne the brunt of the violence in Yemen. As well as causing thousands of deaths and injuries, the parties to the conflict have exacerbated an already severe humanitarian crisis resulting from years of poverty and poor governance causing immense human suffering. Gross human rights violations have been committed by all sides in the conflict. The Saudi-led coalition has carried out numerous indiscriminate and disproportionate airstrikes in civilian areas, hitting homes, schools, hospitals, markets, mosques, weddings and funerals. Similarly, Amnesty International has documented cases of Huthi forces indiscriminately shelling civilian areas and using imprecise weapons. The conflict in Yemen has largely been fuelled by a collection of countries that continue to supply arms to the Saudi-led coalition forces. These sales already amount to more than US$18 billion since the beginning of the conflict. Given the substantial risk that these arms will be used to commit or facilitate serious violations of international humanitarian and human rights law, states are strictly forbidden under the Arms Trade Treaty – as well as EU and domestic law – to continue supplying arms to Coalition members for use in Yemen. Amnesty International is campaigning to stop these arms flows. As result of intense pressure from activists around the world, many countries across Europe have announced suspensions of future weapons sales. However, many of the largest arms exporters, including the UK, France and the USA, continue to flout international law and their own domestic legislation by continuing to supply military equipment to Saudi Arabia and other Coalition members. The Arms Trade Treaty After more than 20 years of campaigning by Amnesty International and partner NGOs, the Arms Trade Treaty became international law on 24 December 2014. Any state that is a party to the treaty must obey strict rules on international arms transfers. The Treaty was designed to stop deadly weapons from getting into the hands of people who will use them to commit human rights violations, including genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes. More than 100 countries have joined the Treaty, and there are over 30 more who have signed the treaty which is the first step towards becoming a party to the ATT. The Treaty can help save lives, but only if it is properly implemented, and if states are held accountable when they breach it. The International Arms Industry It is estimated that the total value of the global arms trade is at least $95bn. While states, as the licensers of arms transfers, play a key role in the trade, the defence industry is deeply involved in all aspects of the supply of weapons around the world. Every year corporate actors supply large volumes of military equipment to some of the most violent and unstable parts of the world. This equipment is often used unlawfully in the context of armed conflicts and in political unrest marred by serious human rights violations. In September 2019, Amnesty contacted 22 arms companies asking them to explain how they meet their responsibilities to respect human rights in their business. None of them were able to provide an adequate response. Many defence companies continue to profit from the sale of arms which are used to commit serious violations of human rights or humanitarian law. In any situation where it is impossible to avert the risks that arms will be used to commit human rights abuses, companies should stop supplying weapons altogether. It is illegal to use weapons that are inherently indiscriminate, cannot be directed at a specific military objective or whose effects cannot be limited as required by international humanitarian law. This is because their use makes it almost inevitable that civilians and civilian infrastructure (homes, hospitals and schools) will be harmed or destroyed. Cluster bombs and munitions can contain hundreds of submunitions, which are released mid-air, and scatter indiscriminately over an area measuring hundreds of square metres. They can be dropped or fired from a plane or launched from surface-to-surface rockets. Cluster submunitions also have a high “dud” rate which means a high percentage of them fail to explode on impact. This unexploded ordnance poses a threat to people years after the bomb was dropped. The use, production, sale and transfer of cluster munitions is prohibited under the 2008 Convention on Cluster Munitions, which has more than 100 states parties. Anti-personnel landmines are explosive devices designed to automatically detonate when someone approaches them. They are usually triggered when stepped on or via a trip wire. Landmines can lie waiting for decades, meaning that they can still maim, injure or kill people years after the conflict has ended. Once triggered, the blast can destroy multiple limbs, projecting debris that showers the victims with fragments that can cause deep wounds. It is impossible to know how many mines are in the ground worldwide, because they can remain undetected until the moment they detonate. However, the scale of the problem can be measured by the number of landmines that have already been discovered and disabled. 53 million mines have been destroyed since the Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention was adopted in 1997. While this is undoubtedly a remarkable accomplishment, there is still work to be done. As of November 2018, 56 countries have identified areas that are at a high risk of being contaminated by anti-personnel mines. As a member of the International Campaign to Ban Landmines, Amnesty International urges all governments to ban the use, production, stockpiling, sale, transfer or export of anti-personnel landmines and become party to, implement, and monitor the 1997 Mine Ban Treaty. Nuclear weapons are the most destructive, inhumane and indiscriminate weapons ever created; both in terms of the scale of the immediate devastation they cause and the threat of a uniquely persistent, pervasive and genetically damaging radioactive fallout. On 7 July 2017, the United Nations adopted the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, a treaty that outlaws nuclear weapons, ushering in a new era of nuclear non-proliferation and abolition. Amnesty International supports the work of the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons to help get states to become party to this treaty and monitor its implementation. Chemical weapons are defined as chemicals that are used to cause intentional harm or death through the use of toxic properties. This not only includes the toxic chemicals themselves, but also equipment such as mortars, artillery shells and bombs specifically designed to inflict harm through the delivery of those chemicals to inflict harm. These weapons are banned by the Chemical Weapons Convention that entered into force in 1997. Case Study: Chemical Weapons in Darfur In 2016, Amnesty uncovered evidence suggesting that the Sudanese government was using chemical weapons against its own people. Using a combination of satellite imagery, photos of injuries and more than 200 in-depth interviews with survivors, the investigation found that at least 30 chemical attacks had been carried out in Jebel Marra, one of the most remote parts of Darfur. Some 200-250 people died as a result. Victims of the attacks suffered from horrifying injuries, including loss of vision, respiratory problems, bloody vomiting and diarrhoea, blisters and rashes. To make matters worse, most of the people exposed to these dangerous chemicals – many of them children – had no access to adequate medical care. Killer robots, or autonomous weapons systems, are no longer the stuff of science fiction. Some countries – including China, Israel, South Korea, Russia, the UK, the USA – are already developing weapons with increasing autonomy, taking humans out of important life and death decisions. These weapon systems raise various moral, legal, accountability, and security concerns. Killer robots without human control would lack the human judgment necessary to apply the law when using force. They could make tragic mistakes and jeopardize civilian lives. Allowing robots to have power over life-and-death decisions also crosses a fundamental moral line. It’s unclear who, if anyone, would be held responsible for unlawful acts of killer robots: the programmer, manufacturer, commander or police officer. The use of fully autonomous weapons without meaningful human control could create an accountability gap if the weapons are designed to make their own determinations about the use of force, making it difficult to ensure justice, especially for victims. Amnesty and its partners in the Campaign to Stop Killer Robots are calling for a new, binding international instrument that ensures meaningful human control is retained over the use of force by prohibiting the development, production, and use of fully autonomous weapons. What is Amnesty doing about the arms trade? Using a global network of activists who specialize in human rights issues related to the arms trade, Amnesty continues to put pressure on governments and companies until they stop selling weapons illegally. Amnesty’s digital verification and weapon experts work to identify munitions and other remnants of weapons so that we can trace them back to their original source; while Amnesty International’s legal experts have supported efforts to stop irresponsible arms supplies through the courts. Amnesty International and other human rights NGOs are supporting the Campaign against the Arms Trade in a legal challenge to stop the UK government from supplying arms in Yemen. In June 2019, the UK Court of Appeal found that the UK government’s decision to continue licensing exports of military equipment to Saudi Arabia was unlawful. As a result, the UK government was forced to stop issuing new licences for arms exports to Saudi Arabia. In a much-needed step towards corporate accountability in the defence sector, Amnesty supported a joint communication to the International Criminal Court by the European Centre for Constitutional and Human Rights (ECCHR). The communication calls for an ICC investigation into the role of European arms companies in aiding and abetting alleged war crimes in Yemen. The organization is also using open-source information to find imagery of weapons and vehicles being used to commit human rights abuses during the conflict and tracing them back to French arms manufacturers, as well as documenting Bulgarian, Serbian, US and Finnish small arms and armoured vehicles being used by unaccountable UAE-backed forces in Yemen. In other work, Amnesty International has successfully campaigned for the imposition of an arms embargo on war-torn South Sudan; documented arms embargo violations in Libya; and civilian casualties that resulted from US drone strikes in Somalia. كسب ۹۰ درصد كل درآمدهای دانش بنیان از طرف ۲۰۱۰ شركت صنعتی فوری خرید: رئیس مركز توسعه فناوری و صنایع پیشرفته وزارت صنعت، معدن و تجارت اظهار داشت: از تعداد بیشتر از 4 هزار شركت دانش بنیان، 2010 شركت دانش بنیان صنعتی به وجود آمده است و 90 درصد كل درآمدهای كل شركت های دانش بنیان از طرف این تعداد شركت تأمین می شود. به گزارش فوری خرید به نقل از ایسنا، دكتر حسن آقا كثیری در نشست خبری امروز معاونت آموزش، پژوهش و فناوری وزارت صنعت، با تاكید بر اینكه طرح "تاپ" به منظور رفع نیازهای بنگاه های صنعتی از طرف متخصصان و فناوران كشور تعریف و اجرا شد، اضافه كرد: برمبنای مجوزهای ارائه شده تابحال ۳۲۶ بنگاه صنعتی پیشرفته در كشور به راه افتاده است. این امر به منظور حركت كشور به سمت اقتصاد دانش بنیان اجرایی شد. وی همین طور با اشاره به جذب سربازان مشمول به بنگاه های اقتصادی، اظهار داشت: با تعاملاتی كه با معاونت عملی و فناوری ریاست جمهوری صورت گرفت، توانستیم سهمیه ای برای جذب مشمولان دانش آموخته به بخش های خصوصی دریافت نماییم و این افراد صرفاً در بخش های تحقیق، توسعه و نوآوری بنگاه های اقتصادی مشغول به فعالیت خواهند شد. وی همین طور به طرح استاد تاپ در این طرح، اشاره نمود و اظهار داشت: اگر فردی بخواهد بعنوان عضو هیات علمی خصوصاً در رشته های فنی دانشگاه ها جذب شود، لازم است تا دركی از محیط صنعتی و فنی داشته باشد كه بر طبق این طرح این افراد می توانند دوره پسا دكتری خودرا در بخش های صنعتی مشغول به فعالیت شوند. آقا كثیری با تاكید بر اینكه ایران در زمینه تربیت مهندس رتبه سوم جهان را از آن خود كرده است، اشاره كرد: ولی ما در زمینه سطح مهارت های قابل پذیرش صنعتی رتبه ۷۵ را كسب كردیم و این اعداد عدم تناسب كیفی و كمی را نشان می دهند. رئیس مركز توسعه فناوری و صنایع پیشرفته وزارت صنعت، معدن و تجارت با اشاره به اینكه در سال قبل ۷۸ قرارداد مشترك صنعت و دانشگاه كه مشمول معافیت مالیاتی می شد، منعقد شده است، اظهار داشت: علاوه بر آن ۲۹۸ نیاز فناورانه نیز به ما اعلام شده است. وی همین طور به فعالیت های دانش بنیان وزارت صنعت اشاره و اظهار نمود: در بخش دانش بنیان ها سه دسته شركت های نوپا، تولیدی و صنعتی به وجود آمده است كه از ۴۴۰۰ شركت دانش بنیان ایجاد شده، ۲۰۱۰ بنگاه شركت های دانش بنیان صنعتی است كه ۹۰ درصد از درآمدهای كل شركت های دانش بنیان از طرف این تعداد شركت دانش بنیان صنعتی كسب شده است. آقا كثیری با تاكید بر اینكه این میزان نشان دهنده رسوخ فناوری در بخش های صنعتی است، اشاره كرد: نیازهای فناورانه اعلام شده در بخش های كیفیت محصول، تأمین قطعه، نیازهای فناورانه و توسعه بازار بوده است. منبع: فوری خرید این مطلب را می پسندید؟ (1) (0) تازه ترین مطالب مرتبط نظرات بینندگان در مورد این مطلب The Civil Rights Movement took place in the U.S. from 1954-1968. Because African Americans didn’t have the same rights as white citizens, the goal was to gain equality by ending segregation and discrimination. Civil rights activists fought and protested for equal opportunities in education, employment, housing, and the right to vote. Martin Luther King, Jr’s involvement in the Civil Rights Movement began in 1955 with the Montgomery bus boycott in Alabama. Teach your children more about this important man in history with our FREE Martin Luther King, Jr. unit study. FREE Martin Luther King Unit Study (click image for PDF) Looking for even more enrichment activities for Martin Luther King, Jr. day? Check out some of these: - Martin Luther King Jr. Spelling Word List – Here, your kids can practice words related to Martin Luther King, Jr., play games with those words, do online flashcards, take a vocabulary test, and even take a spelling test! - Books
1	2	تا چند روز آینده به وقوع خواهد پیوست. ScratchInput and Stane in the previous post are for gesture recognition. The acoustic sensing technology can be applied to implement touch screens or surfaces. Tai-chi (Tangible Acoustic Interfaces for Computer Human Interaction) is a EU-funded research project that changes ordinary objects to touch sensitive interactive surfaces. Just see a video clip below. In the demo video, the system detects touch (scratching) position using four microphones. And this video shows a demo of touch gesture recognition. Commercially, Elo TouchSystems has introduced a touch screen using Acoustic Pulse Recognition (APR), whose sensing technology is similar with that of Tai-Chi. See also: Tai-Chi – Future Interactive Interface Hansard is the record of parliamentary debates. The term Hansard is also used to refer to the unit of the Department of Parliamentary Services that publishes the printed record. Hansard's primary role is to accurately and promptly report the proceedings of the Parliament, the parliamentary committees and other forums. The origins of Hansard as well as how it is produced today are described in more detail in About Hansard Hansard produces and publishes Daily Hansard and weekly Hansard, which can be downloaded from 1999 onwards. Hansard volumes for all Parliaments from 1856 to 1999 are also available for download. The full text of Hansard can also be searched from 1991 onwards.Last Updated on Thursday, 07 April 2016 با حکم معاون توسعه روستایی و مناطق محروم ریاست جمهوری رضا برزگر به سمت مشاور امور مشمولین منصوب شد. در بخشی از حکم امیرحسین مدنی آمده است: «نظر به تعهد، تخصص و تجربیات جنابعالی، به موجب این حکم به سمت مشاور امور مشمولین این معاونت منصوب می شوید. انتظار می رود با هماهنگی و بهره گیری از ظرفیت دستگاه های نظامی و سایر سازمانها و استانداریها در راستای تحقق اهداف و سیاستهای دولت محترم و با انجام شرح وظایف قانونی گام موثری در مسیر ارتقای شاخصهای توسعه پایدار روستایی بردارید. 比利时外交大臣新冠检测呈阳性疑似在家庭内部感染据国外媒体综合报道,10月18日,比利时外交大臣威尔姆斯在当地时间17日表示,他对这种新冠状病毒的检测结果为阳性。据报道 ,韦尔梅斯当天在社交媒体上说:“我的新冠状病毒检测结果为阳性。”她还认为,考虑到已在家中采取了严格的预防措施,“感染可能会在我的家庭中发生。” 据报道,维姆斯于当地时间12日前往卢森堡参加欧盟外交事务委员会会议,并与其他欧盟外长进行了面对面的会谈。后来,她在当地时间16日说,由于怀疑患有新的冠状肺炎,她开始自我隔离。而在宋月對面站着一個身材高大但略顯消瘦的男人,一身黑色大很是複古,劉英楠感受到的那股森寒又不同于鬼氣的氣息就是來自于他的身上,在粉紅色的燈光下 ,劉英楠看不清楚他的臉 ,但卻能看到一雙紅如血的眼睛,和一對探出唇外的鋒利牙。盡管看不清楚臉,但劉英楠還是在第一時間認出了這個紅眼睛長牙的怪物,正是僵屍蛋家族的祖先小僵。第三次就更邪乎了,人家葉星在賓館的房間内 ,赤果果的在床上睡得正香,忽然一個男人撲了上來對自己從上到下,從裏到外,又抓又捏 ,又親又摸,稀裏糊塗的被人夜襲了。除威尔姆斯外,当地时间17日 ,奥地利外交部宣布外国的长沙伦伯格(ChangShahrenberg)对新冠状病毒进行了阳性检测。据奥地利外交部称,谢伦贝格还参加了12月12日在卢森堡举行的同一次会议,并说他可能在会议期间被感染。一些石英表为何会无停走?有几个端游能导致停走:1)手表与磁力场接触过,由于石英表内推动指针的微型推动器是磁能推动,即步进电动机,这样很容易的受到磁场的干扰,就会停顿或显示出来快慢偏差。石英表失准,大部分数是磁力东西在作崇。 2)干电池没电了 3)把头拉开,假如以上事情状况都不是,可请职业技术担任职务的人进一步查。手表进水了怎么办 ? 如果进水不严重,只是表玻璃内有层雾气,这时可用几层卫生纸或易吸潮的布将表包严,在距40瓦电灯泡15厘米处烘烤约30分钟,即可消除水气。切忌将表蒙*近火直接烘烤,以免使表蒙受热变形。还可以将表蒙朝内、底壳朝外,反戴在手腕上,两个小时后水气即可消除。如果进水严重,最好立即送表店擦油,清除机芯的水分,以避免零部件生锈。怎样给手表消磁呢? 表被磁化后,不但走时不准确,有的甚至停摆,最好是送钟表修理部去消磁,因为那里有消磁的专用设备,如果远离钟表店维修不方便的话,可找一块中间呈圆圈形、没有受磁的铁块,在桌子上,将手表从铁块圆圈中慢慢地穿来穿去,手表上的磁就会被铁块吸收;也可以把手表放在一块干净的没有受磁的铁板上,这样两天以后手表的磁性也会逐渐消失 Eşiktaşı Terimi Hakkında Bilgiler Yapı-Dekorasyon Terimi Olarak Eşiktaşı: Kapının eşiğine konan taş. Benzer Yapı-Dekorasyon Terimleri: Vihara: Hindistan'da Buda manastırı. Mertek: Çatılarda kaplama tahtalarını taşıyan, eğim yönünde latalar. Maymuncuk: Her kilidi açmaya yarar, eğri ve sivri bir demirden ibaret alet. Tunç: Bakır, çinko ve kalay karışımı olup, pirinci andıran sarı bir alaşım. Eğik Mahya (Sırt): Kırma ve mansard çatılarda çatı yüzeylerinin 45°açılarla kesiştiği ara kesitlere yerleştirilen ve merteklerin üst yüzleri ile aynı düzeyde bulunan iri Sıcak Çatılar: Çatıyı oluşturan tüm katmanların belirli bir sıra ile sıralandıkları çatılarda, taşıyıcı ve yalıtım katmanları aralarında hava katmanı olmaksızın tek Emaye: Emayla kaplanmış olan. Ampatman: Büyük boyutlu somellerde malzemeden tasarruf edilmesi amacıyla, somelin üst kısmında bina yükünün 45 derecelik yayılma açısına uygun biçimde yapılan k تسلای مخفی (Hidden Tesla) : تسلای مخفی همانند سایر تله ها مخفی است و به محض اینکه نیروهای دشمن به آن نزدیک میشوند آنها فعال می شوند و شروع به دفاع می کنند .این دفاعی های بهترین وسیله برای حفاظت از تان هال شما به حساب می آیند مخصوصا در وار حتما آنها را در کنار تان هال خود قرار دهید. آمار کامل محاسباتي تسلای مخفی (Hidden Tesla) : از مصرف محصولات ضد عفونی کننده خشن جهت نظافت پرسینگ بینی اجتناب شود از محصولاتی مانند باکتین، باسیتراسین، پراکسید هیدروژن، الکل یا روغن درخت چای نباید برای نظافت پرسینگ بینی استفاده کنید. این محصولات می توانند به پوست صدمه زده و فرایند درمان را طولانی کنند. از مواد آرایشی برای پوشش پرسینگ استفاده نکنید اجازه ندهید مواد آرایشی در تماس با پرسینگ قرار گیرند، چون در محل پرسینگ جمع و سبب عفونت می شود. این امر برای لوسیون ضد آفتاب نیز صدق می کند. تا هنگام ترمیم کامل پرسینگ، حلقه بینی را برندارید اگر حلقه برداشته شود، پرسینگ های بینی ظرف چند ساعت می تواند باز شود. سعی در جهت بستن مجدد می تواند سبب درد، تورم و عفونت شود. زمان ترمیم 12 تا 24 هفته طول می کشد. از رفتن به حمام، وان و استخر اجتناب کنید در این مکان ها باکتری های مضر خطرناکی وجود دارند که می توانند منجر به عفونت شوند. ولی از ضروری بود می توانید پرسینگ بینی را با نواری ضد آب پوشانده و از آن محافظت کنید. از خوابیدن روی پالشت یا پارچه کثیف اجتناب کنید بالشت کثیف دیگر منبع باکتری است، بنابراین مهم است بطور منظم بالشت تان را عوض کنید. از تماس غیر ضروری با پرسینگ اجتناب شود تنها زمانی که پرسینگ را نظافت می کنید به آن دست بزنید (البته بعد از شستن دست ها). لازم نیست رینگ را حین فرایند درمان چرخانده یا تکان دهید. Avete mai visti dei gattini stampati sui semafori al posto del verde, giallo o rosso? A Zelenogradsk, simpatica cittadina situata sul mar Baltico nei pressi di Kaliningrad (ovvero tra Lituania e Polonia), è possibile... Una sagoma di un micio nei vetri dei semafori scandisce l’amore di questa città per questi fantastici felini, amore tipico di tutta la Russia peraltro: in Russia, infatti, c’è la più alta percentuale di gatti per persona al mondo. Now that we are a month into the school year, you may be feeling a little more stressed as midterms approach. However, you can reduce stress if you stick to a plan that keeps both your mind and body fresh for when you need them most. The following are some tips for students seeking to live a balanced lifestyle: Get enough sleep: This is probably one of the most important things you can do to ensure both your mind and body feel fresh. It is recommended that you get 8 hours of sleep every night, but that depends on who you are. Some people feel like they only need 6 hours to feel energized for the day, and some people feel like they need 10 hours, regardless, find the amount of sleep that works best for you. While the amount of time one sleeps may differ from person to person, the time one goes to bed is crucial. Dr. Matt Walker is the head of the Sleep and Neuroimaging Lab at the University of California, and he states the time of day when you sleep drastically alters the structure and quality of your sleep. Individuals who consistently go to bed before midnight show higher sustained energy and attentiveness levels than those who do not. Sleep is very important to your health, so it is important to make it a priority. Eat a healthy diet: Eating a properly balanced diet can make you feel well, and powers your mind for when you need it. Ensuring you have a healthy diet starts by understanding when its important to eat. Breakfast should be the largest meal of your day as it will fuel you throughout the day. Instead of eating large portions, stick to having snacks spaced throughout the day. Avoid foods that make your blood sugar rise and fall rapidly as you will become tired quickly. Drink enough fluids! People forget to stay hydrated and its very important to keep that in mind as failing to do so can alter your mind’s clarity. It is recommended that you drink between 6 to 8 glasses of water a day, and if you exercise regularly that number increases dramatically. As they say, “you are what you eat”, making it crucial to fill your body with healthy choices. Exercise Regularly: This is often the most difficult aspect students struggle to find time for. Exercising isn’t only about keeping your body fit, it also sharpens your mind. Exercising can be a significant time commitment, but you can avoid that by doing simple things everyday. Walking is one of the easiest ways to get consistent exercise. Make it a priority to always walk to where you are going. Additionally, spending 10 to 15 minutes in the morning to stretch or perform some light yoga is also an excellent way to get your body and mind engaged for the day without wasting a large amount of time. Lastly, make it fun! Exercise doesn’t have to be a chore, it can be exciting and something you look forward to. Whether that involves joining an intramural team or going for a hike with some friends, there are a lot of fun ways to make exercising enjoyable. Make a Schedule: School can become overwhelming at times, but planning can help alleviate those feelings. Buy an agenda or some other scheduling tool so you can write down important dates and deadlines to ensure you are completing your work on time. Not only do planners help you to finish work on time, but they help to establish a plan for how you can go about finishing your work to the best of your ability. Prioritizing is essential to performing at your best when studying and making a schedule can help with that. Take some ME Time: While performing well in your classes is important, you have to make sure that you are not overloading yourself. Taking on too much can run you down and make you less able to accomplish the things you want. Thus, taking time for yourself to relax and enjoy your surroundings is equally important to maintaining a healthy lifestyle. Whether it’s hanging out with friends, or going for lunch with a buddy, taking time for yourself is essential to solidifying balance in your life. These are just some simple tips to keep in mind when trying to understand how to live a healthy balanced lifestyle. There are many other ways one can go about living a balanced lifestyle, but it’s important to recognize what that looks like for you. Understanding what works and doesn’t work for you is pivotal to fulfilling the healthy lifestyle so many of us desire. Sebastian Farkas is a fourth year honours politics student and Sports and Wellness Editor of the Athenaeum. Rating: 9,4/10 (5193 votes) Havana Capitol – Parliament building of Cuba. The Capitol was built at the very beginning of the 20th century, now the parliament sits in another building, and the Capitol has been turned into a congress center. Tourists and visitors are now free to roam most of the building's corridors. Previously, no one but members of parliament was allowed there. The building is made in the best traditions of the Renaissance, and partly repeats the outlines of the Capitol in Washington and St. Peter's Cathedral in the Vatican. The Capitol was built on the site of a drained swamp, where at one time there was a settlement of fugitive slaves. At the entrance to the main building you can see a huge statue of a woman with a spear in her hand – this statue is the image of all Cuba, We also recommend reading Fortress Del Morro in Cuba, resort of Havana Topic: National Capitol Building in Cuba, Havana Resort. March 29th is the date of an eight-year-old holiday that means so much to many of America’s oldest heroes. In 2012, the 50-year anniversary of the Vietnam War, March 29th was proclaimed as National Vietnam War Veterans Day. The date was chosen because on that day in 1973, the Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV) was disbanded and the last US combat troops departed Vietnam. Over four years later on December 26, 2016, the Vietnam Veterans Day Coalition of States Council asked then-President-Elect Donald Trump and Congress to establish March 29th as Vietnam War Veterans Day. On March 28, 2017, President Trump signed the Vietnam War Veterans Recognition Act of 2017 which officially recognizes March 29th as National Vietnam War Veterans Day. The Act also made this day a flag flying holiday. To do our part in commemorating and appreciating the sacrifices made by so many brave men and women during the war, we’ve decided to highlight pieces of our catalog that serve as important keepsakes to anyone affected by the Vietnam War. 1. VIETNAM GRAVE MARKER Grave markers are a great way to honor those who served. These markers are placed next to headstones. They’re held up by flags or metal rods and mark the grave of someone who served. They’re an amazing way to show respect to heroes and let people know that here lies someone who was willing to make the ultimate sacrifice. Our grave markers come in bronze and aluminum finishes. 2. Miniature Flag (To hold up the marker) The miniature flags can be used in many instances, but for this one, they’re to be displayed atop grave markers. 3. The American flag It is an essential part of or our day to day lives, to mourn, praise, or simply show pride. Congratulazioni ai nostri concorrenti di Meltdown per aver superato la prima settimana della sfida! Ecco le classifiche delle squadre della settimana 1, elencate in base alla percentuale media di perdita di peso corporeo di ciascuna squadra per individuo: PERDITA DI PESO MEDIA DELLA SQUADRA: 1,33% - Wii non adatto: 2,72% - Autostrada sovradimensionata: 2,66% - Pelli d’aria: 1,85% - Barbie cardio: 1,76% - Sollevalo per perderlo: 1,59% - Bloccato e gonfio: 1,50% - Tonnellate di divertimento: 1,15% - Sassy entro l’estate: 0,97% - Toner scaduti: 0,957% - Meno squadra è di più: 0,956% - Slim-O-Knocker: 0,78% - Di nuovo sprecare: 0,40% - Fallo accadere: 0,0% SI FONDONO, MA NON SI BRUCIANO Sei nuovo nell’esercizio o è passato un po’ di tempo dall’ultima volta che hai indossato quei vestiti da ginnastica? Quei vestiti ti stanno ancora bene? Ecco alcuni suggerimenti per gli esercizi per iniziare il tuo viaggio dimagrante: - Inizia lentamente con qualsiasi esercizio. Andare troppo veloce e cercare di fare troppo e troppo presto può causare infortuni e arrendersi. - Crea obiettivi piccoli e fattibili. Si raccomanda che gli adulti lavorino fino a 150 minuti di esercizio moderato a settimana. Leggilo di nuovo: lavorare fino a 150 minuti. Non è tutto in una volta. Può suonare bene allenarsi cinque giorni alla settimana per 30 minuti ogni volta, ma è ragionevole o fattibile per te? Prova tre giorni a settimana per 15-20 minuti ciascuno. Man mano che il tuo comfort aumenta, puoi aumentare la durata, il numero di giorni o l’intensità. Puoi anche interrompere la sessione di esercizi durante il giorno: 10 minuti al mattino, 10 minuti a pranzo e 10 minuti al pomeriggio. Tutto sommato. - Aggiungi promem
1	3	. Winnings from a lottery can be used for anything from medical care to sports team drafts. While it is a form of gambling, it is generally legal to offer prizes based on chance or promotional schemes that require consideration. A large percentage of lottery profits go to good causes, making it a popular way to support local charities. The lottery has many uses in modern society, from military conscription to commercial promotions to selecting jury members for elections. In modern times, a lottery must be legal to operate. Governments may also use lotteries to raise money for their own purposes, including raising revenue. In most cases, a lottery is legal in Europe. However, people should be over the legal age to enter. Regardless of how much one wishes to win, it is still a form of gambling. It is a form of gambling that raises money While a lottery is a form of gambling, the primary purpose is to distribute prizes and money to players. Lotteries can be both profitable and popular. While many state governments are skeptical of the benefits of lotteries, most allow them to raise money for good causes in the public sector. In essence, a lottery is a random drawing of tickets that results in the selection of a single winner or a group of winners. The results of a lottery can be extremely unpredictable, but the process is generally fair and efficient and can ensure a fair outcome for all participants. Lotteries have a long history in human history and are mentioned in the Bible. In the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, lotteries were commonly held in Europe. In 1612, King James I (1566-1625) of England established a lottery to provide funds for a new colony in Jamestown, Virginia. The popularity of lotteries grew and soon, lottery funding became tied to public use. The oldest lottery in the western world is the Staatsloterij in the Netherlands. The word “lottery” comes from a Dutch noun meaning fate. Şimdi bulacaksınız: - Pratik bir bakış açısından önemli olan özellikler, diş implantları olan XiVE'a ve son kullanıcıya ne verdiği - hastaya; - XiVE implantlarının başlıca avantajları nelerdir ve eksiklikleri hakkında önceden bilmek yararlıdır; - Bu implantları diş çekildikten hemen sonra takmak mümkün mü, birkaç haftada bir dişin “deliği” ile yürüme aşamasını ortadan kaldırır; - XiVE implantları iyi alınan köktür ve çeşitli nedenlerden dolayı reddinin istatistikleri nedir? - Üreticinin bu implantlar ve klinikler için ömür boyu garanti vermesi neden - sadece yaklaşık 2 yıl; - Ksive implantları üzerinde hangi fiyatlarda diş protezinin maliyeti olabilir. Almanlar yüksek kaliteli ürünleri ile meşhur olmuştur ve dental implantasyon ürünleri hiçbir şekilde bir istisna değildir. Özellikle, Almanya'da, diş implantları XiVE (Ksayv) bugün Rus diş hekimliğinde yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Ancak, bu implantların gerçekten çok iyi olup olmadığını anlamaya çalışalım - aslında, aslında diş hekimleri onları övüyorlar ve genel olarak, örneğin orta ölçekli implantlara kıyasla bu kadar özel olan şey nedir? .. Basitçe söylemek gerekirse, Pahalı Alman implantları için fazladan ödeme yapmak ve bazı pratik faydalar sağlayıp sağlayamayacağını anlamlıdır. Bir notta XiVE implantları (bu arada, oldukça popüler implantlar olan Ankylos ve Astra Tech) endişe ile üretilmiştir - Dentsply Friadent. Şirket oldukça tanınmış ve 100 yılı aşkın bir süredir piyasada bulunuyor ve dental implantasyon alanında çalışma süresi de etkileyici - yaklaşık 40 yıl. Genel olarak, bir bilim olarak ve pratik bir etkinlik olarak diş implantasyonunun kendisi, geçen yüzyılın 60'larında ortaya çıkmış, biraz daha uzun bir süre vardır, dolayısıyla Dentsply'ın bu yöndeki gelişmenin kurucularından biri olduğunu söyleyebiliriz. Belki de, eski yaratıcısı Dr. I. Brannemark'ın kontrolü altında dünyanın ilk implantlarını üretmeye başlayan sadece Nobel şirketi olacak. Bugün, Dentsply'ın 20'den fazla üretim merkezi var, ürünleri dünya çapında yüzlerce ülkede temsil ediliyor ve Rusya bir istisna değil.Implantlar XiVE nispeten yüksek fiyatlara rağmen gerçekten çok popüler. Toplamda, Dentsply şirket kataloğunda aşağıdaki XiVE implant modellerini bulabilirsiniz: - XiVE S plus - klasik iki aşamalı implantasyon için modeller; - XiVE TG - diş etlerinin insizyonu olmadan yapılan transgingival implantasyon için, ponksiyon yöntemiyle yerleştirilen implantlar (aslında diş etlerinin insizyonu olmadan dişlerin implantasyonunun bir tür reklam hilesi olduğunu akılda tutmak yararlıdır çünkü insizyon her neyse - sadece uzunlamasına değil, daireseldir, bu nedenle daha yumuşaktır ve dikiş gerektirmez); - Kemik dokusu, dar alveolar kret ve aynı zamanda ön dişlerin implantasyonu ile ilgili sorunlar olduğunda XiVE 3.0 da kullanılır. Şirket ayrıca, bu diş implantlarının, abutmentlerin ve yazılımların planlanması ve yürütülmesi sürecini otomatikleştirmenizi sağlayan yazılımların kurulumuna yönelik araçlar da sunmaktadır. Şimdi, XiVE implantlarının en önemli teknolojik özelliklerine bakalım - yani, geleneksel bir titanyum vidayı, kemik engrafisi ve estetiği açısından çok düşünceli bir hale dönüştüren tam olarak. XiVE implantların önemli özellikleri Bir diş implantı ne kadar pahalı olursa, kural olarak daha kullanışlı olan yapıcı çözümlerdir. Bazen farklılıklar önemsiz görünebilir (örneğin, ürünün yapıldığı titanyumda iz kirliliğinin varlığı) ve bazen bu farklılıklar oldukça açıktır - örneğin, implant üzerindeki ipliğin doğası. İmplantasyon zaten yapıldığı zaman, her detayın çene kemiğindeki dışsal, aslında metalik yapının kökü alacağı veya bitişik dokuların iltihaplanması ve implant reddinin başlayıp başlamayacağı üzerinde kesin bir etkisi olabilir. Öyleyse, XiVE implantları, teknolojik avantajları ve en önemlisi son kullanıcılara ne sunduğunu, diş kliniği hastalarının nasıl olduğunu görelim. Saf titanyum kullanımı Titanyum, vücudumuzla tamamen uyumlu bir metal olarak kabul edilir, yani normal koşullar altında reddedilmez. Bu özellik uzun zamandan beri fark edilmekte ve günümüzde cerrahide yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır ve sadece dental implantlarla değil - saf titanyumdan yapılmış implantlar alerjik reaksiyonlara neden olmaz, düzenli olarak hizmet verirler ve on yıllardır reddedilmezler. Bu arada, bazı implant üreticilerinin bir kısmı, bugün ilk nesil biyomateryallere ait olan alüminyum ve vanadyum (Ti-6Al-4V) ile titanyum alaşımı kullanıyor (diğer bir deyişle, malzeme eski ve daha az kullanılmıştı). Bir notta Bazı uzmanlar, alaşımdaki vanadyumun, yaşayan dokular üzerinde toksik etkilere neden olduğuna ve Ti-6Al-4V alaşımının saf alaşımsız titanyuma göre dokulara daha düşük yapışmaya sahip olduğuna inanmaya meyillidirler. İmplantlarda Ksayv sadece saf titanyum kullandı. Tabii ki, bu elbette bir artıdır, ancak implantların ve diğer pek çok markanın, orta fiyat kategorisinin ürünleri ve hatta "ekonomi" kategorisi de dahil olmak üzere saf titanyumdan yapıldığını da belirtmek gerekir. Özel implant iplik Xive implantların önemli bir tasarım özelliği, onların özel iş parçacığıdır. Genel olarak, modern dental implantların çoğu, dişli vidaları görünüşte andırır: oldukça sığ, ya da tersine, agresif veya kombine edilebilir, yani implantın farklı kısımlarında farklı olabilir. XiVE implantların kombine bir ipliği vardır: apikal kısımda, yani apekste,kemik dokusunun kesilmesine hizmet eder, merkezde ve dişin tabanında sığ ve daha az derindir, bu da hassas kemik sıkışması (yoğunlaşma) için gereklidir. Not: Uygulamada, implant bir ağaca vida gibi kemiğe vidalanır. Bundan önce, bir yatak oluşur ve çapı, implantın çapından biraz daha dardır. İyi, iyi düşünülmüş bir dişin görevi, implantın vidalanması ve bitişik süngerimsi kemiğin en uygun şekilde sıkıştırılmasıdır. Sonuç olarak, sözde sıkıştırma etkisi elde edilir - implant çevresindeki kemik yeterince yoğunsa, tasarım kurulumdan hemen sonra güvenilir bir şekilde sabitlenir. Aslında, implantın başarılı bir şekilde aşılanmasına ve daha fazla hizmete yönelik iş parçasının etkisi çok daha geniştir. Burada, kelimenin tam anlamıyla her şey önemlidir: iplik adımı, eğim açısı, derinlik ve diğer parametreler. Genel olarak, Ksive implantlarının ipliğinin, eğer söylenebilirse, güçlü noktaları olduğu belirtilebilir. Ayrıntılara girmeden, mevcut iplik çeşidi seçilmeden önce birkaç kopyanın (kopyalar koptu) (çalışmalar yapıldı) diyelim. Ve bu arada, bu açıklamalardan biri.XiVE implantlarının neden hem yüksek hem de uzun vadede bu kadar yüksek bir aşılama sürecine sahip olduklarını - ancak bundan biraz sonra konuşacağız. Gözenekli yüzey Diş implantlarının pürüzsüz bir yüzeye sahip olmadığı, ancak gözenekli olması uzun süredir norm olmuştur - bu implant ile kemiğin daha iyi iyileşmesi için gereklidir. Üstelik, diş çekme durumunda olduğu gibi, büyük şirketlerin her biri, bu gözenekliliği oluşturmak için kendi teknolojisini sunar (özellikle asitle aşındırma ve zımparalama malzemesi ile zımparalama). Ksayv implantları, örneğin, FRIADENT plus kaplamaya sahiptir: imalattan sonra, titanyum “vida” aşındırıcı işlem prosedürüne ve asitle aşınmaya maruz kalır. Sonuç olarak, metalik titanyumun pürüzsüz yüzeyi üzerinde mikro gözenekler oluşur ve ürünün etkili alanı önemli ölçüde artar. İmplant neden gözenekli bir yüzeye ihtiyaç duyar? Bir implant takıldığında, kemik dokusu oldukça kötü şekilde yaralanır, ancak sonra yavaş yavaş iyileşmeye başlar. Büyüyen hücreleri implant yüzeyinin mikro gözeneklerine nüfuz eder, böylece kemik tam anlamıyla titanyuma doğru büyür ve onunla bir olur.Bu sürece osseointegrasyon (implant ve kemik dokusu bağlantısı) denir. Özellikle, üretici patentli teknolojinin FRIADENT plus'ın kemik dokusunun hızlandırılmış bir hızda büyümesine izin verdiğini iddia etmektedir, bunun bir sonucu olarak, XiVE implantlarının aşılanma oranı bir dizi rekabetçi ürününkinden 1.5-2 kat daha yüksek olabilmektedir. Gerçekten de önemli bir avantaj. Bununla birlikte, buradaki rekabetçi ürünlerin, her şeyden önce, bazı ekonomik sınıf implantların, implantların özel yüzey işlemlerinin, her ne olursa olsun, pek çok marka için tipik olduğu ve uzun süredir artık bir yenilik olmadığı için, akılda tutulmalıdır. İmplant ve abutment altıgen eklem Ve yine de, reklam, bu tür bir implantın ve bir abutmentin, devrimci olarak bağlanmasını sunsa da, bugün birçok dental implant üreticisi tarafından kullanılan klasik bir bağlantıdır. Bir notta Abutment, implantın kendisi, çene içine implante edilen implant ile bu implant üzerine kurulan protez arasındaki geçiş kısmıdır.Abutmentin kalitesi ve sıkılığı, implant (ve protez) ile birleştiğinde, tüm yapının belirli bir dereceye kadar dayanıklılığını belirleyebilir. XiVE modellerinin tuhaflığı belki de iç hizinin nispeten derin bir yerinde. Bu, abutmentin güvenilir bir şekilde sabitlenmesini sağlar, mikro boşluklar olmadan çok sıkı bir şekilde uyuyor. Ve bu, sırayla, ağız boşluğundan bakteri ve gıda kalıntılarına karşı korur. Ksayv implantları üzerinde protezler - aslında hasta ne ödüyor? Genel olarak diş implantlarının özellikleri hakkında konuşmak gerekirse, bunların bir kısmının sadece reklam yoluyla da dahil olmak üzere bir dizi faktörün bir kombinasyonu ile popüler hale geldiğini belirtmek gerekir. Bununla birlikte, en önemli şey her zaman implantın kemiğe ne kadar iyi entegre olduğudur. (Yapının kurulumdan birkaç yıl sonra nasıl davranacağı özellikle önemlidir), ayrıca diş hekimleri-implantologların uygun implant sistemi ile çalışmasının ne kadar kolay olduğu. Bu bakımdan, pek çok uygulayıcı, XiVE implantlarının sadece iyi yerleşmediğini (istatistiklere göre, hayatta kalma yüzdesinin% 99.6 olduğu) değil, aynı zamanda işte en rahat olanlardan biri olduğunu belirtmektedir. Implantolog'un XiVE implantlarının gözden geçirilmesi: “İmplant sisteminde her şey en küçük ayrıntısına kadar düşünülmelidir - her bir kesici, her bir bur, implantın tasarımına tam olarak uymalıdır. Buna ek olarak, ürünün kendisinin kolayca ve hızlı bir şekilde açılabilen bireysel koruyucu bir şişeye yerleştirilmesi önemlidir - sadece bir saniyede, çünkü zaman koşuyor, yara açık, mikroplar fırlatılamıyor, bu nedenle paketi açarken mümkün olduğunca az zaman harcamalısınız. Renk kodlamasıyla da önemli bir rol oynar - her Xive modelinin kendine aittir. Bu, implantoloğun kesinlikle bir hata yapmamasını ve belirli bir hasta için doğru implantı seçmesini sağlayacak ek bir garantidir ... ” Şey, doktorların XiVE implantları ile çalışabilmeleri elverişli, ama hasta neyi alıyor? Basitçe, bu adam pahalı olan Alman implantları takarak parayı ödediği için mi? Eh, gerçekten açık bir şekilde hazırlıksız bir kişiye kadar çok önemli noktalar var. Örneğin, Ksive implantlarının, protezler sırasında çok yüksek estetik sağlanmasına izin vermesi önemlidir. Estetik, ilk etapta, diş etlerinin yeri tarafından etkilenir - dişin doğal olarak pürüzlendirilmesi gereklidir, mukozanın çevresi düzgün bir şekilde yuvarlak olmalıdır.XiVE implantasyonu ile ilgili olarak, bu, yumuşak diş etine bitişik boşluklar olmaksızın, sıkıca ve düzgün bir şekilde tasarlanmış abutmentler olan, düzgün bir boyun implantının varlığıyla elde edilir. Genel olarak, şirketin kataloğu, hastanın ömrünü büyük ölçüde kolaylaştıracak oldukça geniş bir abutment yelpazesi içerir: - TempBase Geçici Abutmentler: İmplantın kemiğe yerleştirilmesinden hemen sonra ve hemen bir geçici diş protezinin (dolaylı yöntemle, yani diş hekiminin koltuğuna yerleştirilmesiyle) hemen düzeltilebilirler. Sonuç olarak, hasta doktorun ofisini yeni bir dişle bırakabilir ve dişlemde bir “delik” ile birkaç hafta yürümeye gerek yoktur; - CERCON abutmentler: beyaz bir renge sahip, çok güçlü bir inert malzeme olan zirkonyadan yapılmıştır. Bu abutmentler, estetik açıdan önemli alanlar için çok uygundur - örneğin, ön dişlerin implantasyonu için, aksi takdirde aynı zirkonun tacı boyunca bir gri titanyum abutmenti parlayabilir. Ancak, XiVE katalogunda da bulunan klasik titanyum abutmentler, esas olarak gülümseme bölgesinde olmayan protez dişler için önerilmektedir.Aşağıdaki fotoğrafta zirkonya abutmentleri ve mukayese için titanyum abutmenti gösterilmektedir; - FRIADENT MP köprüler ve çıkarılabilir protezler için abutmentler - aynı anda birkaç krondan oluşan dental köprüler veya çıkarılabilir protezler eklemenizi sağlar; - Ayrıca dikkat edilmesi gereken tek şey AuroBase abutmentlarıdır - bunlar belirli bir hasta için yaratılır. Bu seçenek, protez sırasında zirkonya abutmentlerinin kullanılmasından bile daha fazla doğallık ve doğallık elde etmenizi sağlar. Aslında, XiVE implantları bu implantasyon sisteminin sadece bir kısmıdır ve abutmentlere ek olarak, implant tedavisi sürecini görselleştirmek ve planlamak için kullanılan yazılım dahil olmak üzere birçok başka önemli bileşen vardır. Ve bütün bunlar elbette, tedavinin nihai fiyatına da katkıda bulunuyor. incelemesi: “Hala ksayv implantları kurmaya karar verdi. İlk başta, fiyat utanç verici, bir şekilde pahalıydı, ama sonra hiç pişman olmadı. Kurulumdan sonra, hiçbir şey incitmez, implant periodontal hastalığın varlığına rağmen alışıktır. O zaman diş etleri çok iyi durumda değildi. Ve hiçbir şey, 3 yıldır ayakta duruyordu, üzerlerinde bulunan kronlar zirkonyayı seçti.Çok para verdiğim için, çok dolu, bu yüzden sonuç en iyisi ... " Ivan P., St. Petersburg Diş implantları XiVE artıları ve eksileri hakkında birkaç kelime Birazcık özetleyip “reklam gürültüsünü” filtreleyebilirsek, pratikte gerçekten önemli olan Ksive dental implantların aşağıdaki avantajlarını ortaya çıkarabiliriz: - implant engraftasyonunun azaltılmış terimleri; - Nispeten gevşek ve küçük hacimli kemiklerde bile iyi bir fiksasyon olasılığı vardır (örneğin, bu durum özellikle periodontitis veya periodontal hastalık için diş implantları); - İmplantın yeterince yüksek primer stabilitesi (sonuç olarak, yemek sırasında, çene kemiğiyle bile birleşmeden önce yanlışlıkla kayması daha az korku vardır); - implant, dişin çekilmesiyle eşzamanlı olarak monte edilebilir ve hemen bir protez ile yüklenebilir (ani yükleme ile implantasyon tekniği biraz daha az tartışılacaktır); - Protez sırasında gerçekten yüksek estetik elde etmeyi başarıyor; - Tedavi sürecinin bilgisayar simülasyonunu kullanarak, protezlerin sonucunu XiVE implantları üzerinde doğru bir şekilde tahmin edebilirsiniz; - Hem diş hekimlerinin hem de hastaların kendilerinin gözden geçirmesiyle yargılamak, tedaviden sonra iyileşme oldukça rahat ve genellikle komplikasyon olmaksızın; - Bazı durumlarda, önemli olan, protezin implantın takılmasından hemen sonra ortaya çıkmasıdır (bu özellikle ön dişlerin protezleri için önemlidir, çünkü hiç kimse onlarsız uzun bir süre gitmek istemez). Fakat bunların arasında, her şeyden önce, nispeten yüksek maliyetler olan XiVE implantları ve bazı dezavantajları vardır. Pek çok hasta 30 bin ruble veya daha fazla tek bir implantın kurulumu için ödeme yapmaya istekli değildir (farklı klinikler elbette farklı bir fiyat sunarlar - XiVE implantları için bir yer isterler ve daha fazlası). Ama buna ek olarak, maliyeti onbinlerce ruble olabilen yapay bir uzuv satın almak zorunda kalacaksınız. Buna ek olarak, XiVE implantlarının yüksek maliyeti nedeniyle, her klinikte çalışmaktan çok uzaktırlar ve bu implantlarda protez yapabilecekleri şehirlerinde diş hekimliği bulmadan önce çok çalışmak zorunda kalacaklardır. Uygulayıcı görüşü: “Tüm sorunları bir kerede çözebilecek mükemmel bir implant sistemi ve implant yoktur.Örneğin, aynı XiVE hakkında derhal bir implantasyon durumunda büyük molarların restorasyonu için mükemmel olduklarını söyleyebilirim. Ve gülümseme bölgesinde Astratech'i tercih ederim. Gerçek şu ki, doğru deneyimle, hem düşük maliyetli hem de en yüksek implant fiyatlarıyla iyi bir sonuç elde edebilirsiniz. Bu nedenle, hastalara tavsiyede öncelikle bir doktor seçilmeli ve bundan sonra - implantlar ”. Diş çekildikten hemen sonra XiVE implantlarının takılması Dişin çıkarılmasından hemen sonra, iyileşme deliği bölgesinde çene kemiği
2	0	که اگر افراد نزدیکتان شما را ترک کنند، آشفته می شود؟ 4. آیا نگرانی های زیادی در مورد افرادی که مورد علاقه تان است و ممکن است شما را ترک کنند داشته اید؟ 5. از حملات ناگهانی اضطراب و حمله ی وحشت زدگی رنج می برید، زمانی که به این فکر می کنید که افراد نزدیکتان شما را ترک می کنند یا شما آنها را ترک می کنید؟ 6. ترس از این دارید که قادر به انجام کاری نخواهید بود اگر افراد نزدیکتان شما را ترک کنند؟ 7. ترس از این دارید که قادر به انجام کاری نخواهید بود اگر افراد نزدیکتان شما را ترک کنند؟ 8. از حملات ناگهانی وحشت زدگی و اضطراب در رنجید زمانی که از افراد نزدیکتان جدا شوید؟ 9. از این نگرانید که مبادا حادثه ای اتفاق بیفتد و شما را از افراد نزدیکتان جدا کند؟ به عنوان مثال شرایط کاری 10. نگران این هستید که ارتباطات شما با بعضی افراد به قدری صمیمی شود که باعث ایجاد مشکلاتی برای آنان شود؟ 11. هنگام بیرون بود از منزل (به مدت چند ساعت) احساس دشواری دارید؟ 12. در کیف تان چیزی همراه دارید تا به شما احساس امنیت و ارامش دهد؟ 13. اضطراب شدید قبل از ترک منزل برای رفتن به یک مسافرت طولانی مدت دارید؟ 14. از کابوس ها یا رویاهایی در باره ی جدایی از افراد نزدیکتان رنج می برید؟ 15. آیا استرس شدید قبل از ترک فرد نزدیکتان به هنگام مسافرت، دارید؟ 16. هنگامی که برنامه ی روزمره ی معمولی تان به هم می خورد، ناراحت می شوید؟ 17. علائمی نظیر سردرد، شکم درد، تهوع قبل از ترک برای رفتن سرکار یا دیگر فعالیت های بیرون از منزل را دارید؟ 18. آیا از کابوس هایی با موضوع بیرون بودن از منزل رنج می برید؟ 19. آیا زمانی که با افراد نزدیکتان هستید؟، احساس امنیت در خانه می کنید؟ 20. آیا دشواری های در خوابیدن به تنهایی در شب دارید؟ به عنوان مثال زمانی که شخص نزدیکی همراه شما باشد، خواب راحت تری خواهید داشت؟ 21. متوجه شده اید که زمانی بهتر به خواب می روید که فرد نزدیکتان با شما صحبت کند یا صدای تلویزیون یا رادیو بیاید؟ 22. آیا خوابیدن در حالی که چراغ ها در اتاق خواب یا هال روشن است، برایتان راحت تر است؟ 23. آیا سعی کرده اید از بودن به تنهایی در خانه اجتناب کنید مخصوصاً زمانی که افراد نزدیکتان بیرون هستند؟ 24. آیا برای اینکه افراد را نزدیک و صمیمی به خود نگه دارید، نیاز به صحبت زیاد با آنها دارید؟ 25. آیا افراد نزدیکتان به این اشاره داشته اند که زیاد صحیت می کنید؟ 26. نگرانی هایی در باره یافراد نزدیکتان که ممکن است دچار صدمه جدی شوند، دارید؟ 27. آیا از اینکه تغییری در برنامه ی روزمره تان ایجاد شود که منجر به اختلال در ارتباطات شما با افراد نزدیکتان باشد، ناراحت شده اید؟ Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article.Join Britannica's Publishing Partner Program and our community of experts to gain a global audience for your work! LEGO, plastic building-block toys that rose to massive popularity in the mid-20th century. LEGO blocks originated in the Billund, Denmark, workshop of Ole Kirk Christiansen, who began making wooden toys in 1932. Two years later he named his company LEGO after the Danish phrase leg godt (“play well”). In 1949 LEGO produced its first plastic brick, a precursor to its signature brick with interlocking studs on the top and tubes on the bottom. It was patented in 1958 by Christiansen’s son Godtfred Kirk, who replaced his father as the head of the company. LEGO bricks soon caught on throughout Europe, and in 1968 the first LEGOLAND theme park opened in Billund (additional parks were later established in other locations internationally). In 1969 the company started selling the DUPLO line of larger bricks for young children who had trouble handling the regular LEGO bricks. Nine years later LEGO introduced Minifigures, the typically smiling yellow humanoids that became regular presences in the company’s themed play sets. MINDSTORMS products, which centre on a programmable robotics pack containing customized bricks, were first launched in 1998, and they went through multiple iterations of increasing complexity over the succeeding years. The basic LEGO brick has remained the same since it was patented, and this simple, child-friendly design has been credited with the toy’s longevity. As a result, these bricks have saturated the culture of childhood throughout much of the world. LEGO, which has remained in the Christiansen family for generations, was among the inaugural inductees to the U.S. National Toy Hall of Fame in 1998 and was named “Toy of the Century” by multiple authorities in 2000. LEGO blocks have been used to create everything from massive replicas of famous monuments (such as the Eiffel Tower and Mount Rushmore) to modern art. In the 21st century the LEGO brand spun off into multiple electronic games—including a series of popular Minifigure action-adventure games centred on famed pop-culture properties such as the Star Wars films, Batman, Marvel Comics superheroes, and the Harry Potter books—as well as The LEGO Movie (2014), a hit computer-animated feature film that also revolved around the exploits of Minifigures. One of the fan-favourite characters from that film, Batman, was the subject of a stand-alone spin-off, The LEGO Batman Movie (2017). Learn More in these related Britannica articles: Seymour Papert...later collaborated with the company LEGO on MINDSTORMS, a line of programmable toys in which customized LEGO bricks were embedded with tiny computers. The name was derived from Papert’s influential work Mindstorms: Children, Computers, and Powerful Ideas(1980).... Jørgen Vig Knudstorp...the Danish toy maker of plastic building blocks. By 2003 he was the company’s senior vice president of corporate affairs. When Knudstorp was named CEO in September 2004, he became the first person from outside the family of LEGO Group founder Ole Kirk Christiansen (or Kristiansen) to hold that position.... Toy, plaything, usually for an infant or child, and often an instrument used in a game. Toys, playthings, and games survive from the most remote past and from a great variety of cultures. The ball, kite, and yo-yo are assumed to be the oldest objects specifically designed as toys. Toys... Glossario de La Dottrina Segreta Glossario de “La Dottrina Segreta” ALCHIMIA - In arabo Ul-kemi è, come suggerisce il nome, la chimica della natura. Ul-kemi o Al-kimia, comunque, è solo una parola arabizzata, presa dal greco chemeia da 'chumos', 'succo', linfa estratta da una pianta. Secondo Wynn Westcott : 'Il primo uso dell'attuale termine ''alchimia' si trova nei lavori di Julius Firmicus Maternus, che visse all'epoca di Costantino il Grande. La Biblioteca Imperiale di Parigi contiene il più antico trattato di alchimia esistente e conosciuto in Europa; fu scritto in lingua greca da Zosimo il Panoplita nel 400 d.C. ed è seguito, cronologicamente, dal trattato di Enea Gazeo dell'anno 480 d.C.'. Esso tratta delle più sottili forze della natura e delle varie condizioni in cui operano. Cercando sotto il velo del linguaggio, più o meno artificioso, per dare al non iniziato un'idea di quel tanto di misterium magnum che si può affidare nelle mani di un mondo egoista senza correre alcun rischio, l'alchimista postula come suo primo principio l'esistenza di un certo Solvente Universale, dal quale tutti i corpi composti sono dissolti nella sostanza omogenea dalla quale essi si erano evoluti; questa sostanza egli la chiama oro puro o summa materia. Questo solvente, chiamato anche menstruum universale, ha il potere di eliminare tutte le cause di malattia dal corpo umano, di ridare la gioventù e di prolungare la vita. Tale è il lapis philosophorum (la pietra filosofale). L'alchimia fu introdotta per la prima volta in Europa da Geber, il grande saggio e filosofo arabo, nell'ottavo secolo della nostra era, ma era conosciuta e praticata molto tempo prima in Cina ed in Egitto. Sono stati scoperti, e conservati sotto il nome generico di trattati ermetici, molti papiri sull'alchimia, ed altre prove del fatto che essa fosse lo studio favorito dei re e dei sacerdoti (Vedi 'Tabula Smaragdina'). L'alchimia è studiata sotto tre distinti aspetti, che permettono molte interpretazioni differenti : il Cosmico, l'Umano e il Terrestre. Questi tre metodi sono simboleggiati da tre proprietà alchemiche - zolfo, mercurio e sale. Scrittori diversi hanno sostenuto che esistono rispettivamente tre, sette, dieci e dodici processi; ma tutti sono stati concordi nell'affermare che nell'alchimia esiste un solo scopo, e cioè quello della trasmutazione dei metalli vili in oro puro. Comunque, ciò che sia realmente quest'oro, ben poche persone lo comprendono in senso corretto. Non vi è dubbio che in natura esista qualcosa come la trasmutazione dei metalli inferiori nel più nobile, o oro. Ma questo è solo un aspetto dell'alchimia, il terrestre o puramente materiale, poiché, noi ci rendiamo logicamente conto che lo stesso processo ha luogo nelle viscere della terra. Eppure, oltre ed al di là di questa interpretazione, esiste in alchimia un significato simbolico, puramente psichico e spirituale. Mentre l'Alchimista-Cabalista ricerca la realizzazione del primo, l'Alchimista-Occultista, invece, sprezzando l'oro delle miniere, dà tutta la sua attenzione e dirige tutti i suoi sforzi solo verso la trasmutazione del quaternario inferiore nella triade superiore divina dell'uomo, i quali, quando finalmente sono fusi, diventano uno. In alchimia i piani spirituale, mentale, psichico e fisico dell'esistenza umana, sono paragonati ai quattro elementi : fuoco, aria, acqua e terra, ed ognuno è capace di una triplice composizione : fissa, instabile e volatile. Poco o niente è conosciuto dal mondo su ciò che riguarda l'origine di questo ramo arcaico della filosofia; però è certo che esso sia precedente alla formazione di qualsiasi Zodiaco conosciuto, e poiché si occupa delle forze personificate della natura, probabilmente è anche precedente a tutte le mitologie del mondo; nè vi è alcun dubbio che il vero segreto della trasmutazione (sul piano fisico) era conosciuto nei tempi antichi, e che esso fu perduto prima dell'alba del cosiddetto periodo storico. La chimica moderna deve le sue scoperte fondamentali all'alchimia, ma trascurando l'innegabile verità di quest'ultima, e cioè che esiste un unico elemento nell'universo, la chimica ha messo i metalli nella classe degli elementi e solo ora comincia a scoprire il suo grossolano errore. Perfino alcuni enciclopedisti si sono ora visti costretti a confessare che se la maggior parte dei casi di trasmutazione sono frode o illusione, 'tuttavia alcuni di essi sono accompagnati da testimonianze che li rendono probabili ... Tramite la batteria galvanica si è scoperto che perfino gli alcali hanno una base metallica. La possibilità di ottenere metalli da altre sostanze che contengono gli ingredienti che li compongono, nonché la trasmutazione di un metallo in un altro deve perciò rimanere imprecisata. Tanto meno devono essere considerati impostori tutti gli alchimisti. Molti hanno lavorato con la convinzione di ottenere il loro scopo con una pazienza inesauribile e con purezza di cuore, cosa vivamente raccomandata dagli alchimisti attendibili come il più importante requisito per il successo delle loro opere ' (Pop. Encyclop). جمهوری اسلامی ایران تنها دو ماه پس از پیروزی در عملیات ثامن الائمه (ع)، عملیات طریق القدس را در سال دوم جنگ (آذرماه سال 1360) با سرعت بسیار و بر پایه تحولات جدید و شور و هیجان ایجاد شده در کشور، به عنوان بزرگ ترین عملیات خود در مقیاس گسترده، طرح ریزی کرد. سازماندهی نیروهای داوطلب با انگیزه شهادت طلبی در سازمان سپاه و در آستانه فرا رسیدن ماه محرم، برجسته ترین ویژگی این عملیات بود. 8 آذر 1391-12:26:35 جمهوری اسلامی ایران تنها دو ماه پس از پیروزی در عملیات ثامن الائمه (ع)، عملیات طریق القدس را در سال دوم جنگ (آذرماه سال 1360) با سرعت بسیار و بر پایه تحولات جدید و شور و هیجان ایجاد شده در کشور، به عنوان بزرگ ترین عملیات خود در مقیاس گسترده، طرح ریزی کرد. سازماندهی نیروهای داوطلب با انگیزه شهادت طلبی در سازمان سپاه و در آستانه فرا رسیدن ماه محرم، برجسته ترین ویژگی این عملیات بود. با موفقیت عملیات ثامن الائمه (ع) که نشان داد طراحی و انجام عملیات های گسترده با سبک و شیوه جدید امکان پذیر است – فرماندهان سپاه و ارتش طی جلسات متعددی شرایط جدید را مورد بررسی قرار داده و مبتنی بر آن استراتژی جدیدی را تعریف کردند که سه هدف اساسی را دنبال می کرد: 1- انهدام هر چه بیشتر ماشین جنگی عراق. 2- دست یافتن به مواضعی مناسب جهت کم کردن خطوط پدافندی و نهایتاً آزاد سازی نیروهای خودی از پدافند به منظور افزایش توان خودی در عملیات بعدی. 3- آماده شدن برای انجام عملیات نهایی و آزاد سازی گام به گام مناطق اشغالی. مبتنی بر این استراتژی، دوازده طرح موسوم به «کربلا» تهیه شد که میزان تناسب توان خود با ظرفیت مورد نیاز منطقه عملیاتی، وضعیت زمین از جنبه نظامی و نیز اهمیت منطقه عملیاتی، از عوامل اصلی در تعیین تقدم هر یک از طرح های مزبور بود، بر همین اساس، پس از مباحث مختلف میان فرماندهان سپاه و ارتش عملیات طریق القدس به عنوان اولین گام از سلسله عملیات کربلا طراحی و به مرحله اجرا در آمد. اهداف عملیات مهم ترین اهداف عملیات طریق القدس عبارت بودند از : - آزاد سازی شهر بستان و بیش از 50 روستای منطقه - انهدام نیروهای دشمن در منطقه با استعداد بیش از یک لشکر - قطع ارتباط بین دو نیروی عمده در مناطق عمومی اهواز و دزفول - رسیدن به هور و امکان نفوذ در خاک عراق. علل انتخاب منطقه پس از پاکسازی منطقه اشغالی در شرق رودخانه کارون در عملیات ثامن الائمه(ع)، هنوز در جبهه جنوب سه منطقه در اشغال دشمن قرار داشت که عبارت بودند از :غرب روخانه کارون و شهر خرمشهر، منطقه بستان و سوسنگرد و منطقه غرب رودخانه کرخه. این مناطق از نظر وسعت، هدف، استعداد و گسترش نیروهای دشمن دارای موقعیت های متفاوتی بودند، بنابراین با توجه به توانایی و امکانات نیروهای خودی برای انجام عملیات، منطقه سوسنگرد و بستان برای عملیات انتخاب شد. موقعیت منطقه منطقه عمومی عملیات در شمال غربی اهواز قرار داشته و دارای زمین های مرتفع، پست و هموار می باشد که از شمال به ارتفاعات الله اکبر، میش داغ و تپه های رملی، در جنوب به رودخانه نیسان و هویزه، در غرب، از یک سو به دغاغله و رودخانه نیسان و از سوی دیگر، به رودخانه سابله و نهر عبید و روستای صالح حسن و از آن جا به سمت تپه های رملی در شمال امتداد می یابد و از شرق به هورالهویزه و تنگه چزابه و مرزهای بین المللی محدود می شود. زمین منطقه در شمال، رملی و از جنس ماسه های بادی است. سمت بیشتر ارتفاعات منطقه، از شمال غربی به جنوب شرقی و شیب زمین در مکان های مختلف، متفاوت است. رودخانه های این منطقه شامل رودخانه کرخه با عرض تقریبی 25 تا 400 متر و عمق 5/1 تا دو متر است که عبور از آن بدون استفاده از پل های موجود، غیر ممکن می باشد؛ رودخانه کرخه کور در حمیدیه که از رودخانه کرخه منشعب شده و تغییر مسیر می دهد؛ نهر سابله به عنوان شاخه ی جدا شده از کرخه و نهر نیسان به عنوان شاخه اصلی، جدا شده از کرخه که ابتدا به نام مالکیه وارد سوسنگرد شده و از آن جا به بعد نهر نیسان نامیده می شود. عوارض مصنوعی منطقه به این شرح بود: جاده آسفالته سوسنگرد - پله سابله- بستان؛ جاده معروف به تعاون که دشمن ساخته بود و از حد فاصل بستان – سابله به پل نیسان و به سمت جفیر امتداد داشت؛ میدان های مین و مواضع احداثی دشمن. آبادی های این منطقه شامل دهلاویه، بردیه، دغاغله، سابله، چزابه و دیگر روستاها می باشد. وضعیت دشمن ارتش عراق پس از ناکامی در تصرف سوسنگرد و پیشروی به سمت اهواز، در خارج از شهر و غرب سوسنگرد مواضع پدافندی خود را با استفاده از موانع طبیعی و مصنوعی در محور جابر حمدان در شمال رودخانه کرخه و محورهای دهلاویه، سویدانی و هویزه در جنوب کرخه به گونه ای مناسب تحکیم و تثبیت کرد. عراقی ها پس از عملیات ثامن الائمه (ع) و تحمل ضربه مهلک ناشی از آن، تمام توان خود را برای شناسایی تحرکات و مقاصد نیروهای خودی بسیج کرد و تا 60 درصد موفق به کشف این اطلاعات شد. اما به دلیل نقص اطلاعات، همچنان در تردید به سر می برد و در تجزیه و تحلیل خود به این نتیجه رسیده بود که یکی از راه کارهای احتمالی نیروهای خودی، تمرکز تلاش اصلی برای ع Dalla pubertà alla menopausa, tutte le persone con le mestruazioni sperimentano cambiamenti ciclici. Ormoni, ovaie, utero sono in prima linea in quello che viene chiamato il ciclo mestruale. Se, a parte le mestruazioni, hai solo vaghi ricordi della lezione di scienze che spiegava cosa succede durante il ciclo mestruale, siamo qui per aiutarti a capire meglio la prima fase mestruale, chiamata fase follicolare. Cosa succede nel tuo corpo, nella tua testa, i rischi della gravidanza e come vivere bene il ciclo... saprai tutto dopo aver letto questo articolo. IL CICLO MESTRUALE E LA FASE FOLLICOLARE 1.Tutto sulla fase follicolare - Le diverse fasi del ciclo: focus sulla fase follicolare Il ciclo mestruale si divide in tre fasi, più o meno lunghe, che sono: - la fase follicolare - l'ovulazione - la fase luteale La fase follicolare è quella che determina l'inizio del ciclo mestruale. Questa fase inizia il primo giorno delle mestruazioni e termina con il rilascio dell'ovocita, cioè la fase dell'ovulazione. Pertanto, la fase follicolare corrisponde alla maturazione del follicolo ovarico, detta anche follicologenesi. È importante sapere che non tutte le donne che hanno le mestruazioni producono un ovulo durante la loro vita. In realtà gli ovociti sono già presenti nelle tue ovaie, dalla tua nascita. Da più di un milione alla
2	1	to 66 percent, especially in Asia and Africa. The World Health Organisation (WHO) says that nearly a billion people live in urban slums, shantytowns, on sidewalks, under bridges and along railroad tracks. While women living in cities may have easier access to primary health care, including hospitals, many governments have been unable to keep up with this rapid urban growth. One-third of all urban residents – over 860 million people – live in slums where they face lack of clean water and sanitation, alongside rampant malnutrition. Miles said that despite the progress made on reducing urban under-five mortality around the world, the survival divide between rich and poor children in cities is growing even faster than that of poor children in rural areas. In most of the developing nations surveyed, children living at the bottom 20 percent of the socioeconomic ladder are twice as likely to die as children in the richest 20 percent, and in some cities, the disparity is much higher. Robert Clay, vice president of the health and nutrition at Save the Children, explained that urban poor are more transient, as they tend to have unsteady jobs and living situations. In rural areas, many people at least have land and food, and a stronger support system within the community. “In urban areas this doesn’t exist. Urban cities are overcrowded by many ethnic groups living side by side so it’s a bit harder to bond, communicate and build trust. It’s the hidden population that is more problematic to reach,” Clay told IPS. He said lack of data makes it harder for charities like Save the Children, or national and municipal governments, to access these marginalised communities. The 10 developing countries with the largest child survival divide are Bangladesh, Cambodia, Ghana, Kenya, India, Madagascar, Nigeria, Peru, Rwanda and Vietnam. Among the 10 worst wealthy capital cities for child survival, out of the 25 studied, Washington D.C. (U.S.) was number one, followed by Vienna (Austria), Bern (Switzerland), Warsaw (Poland), and Athens (Greece). By looking at the mother’s index rankings of 2015, based on five criteria – maternal health, children’s well-being, educational status, economic status and women political status, Save the Children says that conditions for mothers and their children in the 10 bottom-ranked countries – all but two of them in West and Central Africa – are dramatic, as nations struggle to provide the basic infrastructure for the health and wellness of their citizens. “On average, in these countries one woman out of 30 dies from pregnancy-related causes, and one child out of eight dies before his or her fifth birthday,” Miles said. Globally, under-five mortality rates have declined, from 90 to 46 deaths per 1,000 live births. However, these numbers, says the organisation, mask the fact that child survival is strictly linked to family wealth, and miss addressing the conditions of poverty and unhealthy life of slums. Positively, the report has also uncovered some successful solutions found by governments to reduce maternal and infant mortality, and close the inequality gap between rich and poor children in their own countries. The most successful countries are Ethiopia (Addis Ababa), Egypt (Cairo), Guatemala (Guatemala City), Uganda (Kampala), Philippines (Manila) and Cambodia (Phnom Penh). “Ethiopia, which recently had accelerated economic growth, managed to develop effective targeting policies, and provided accessible preventive and curative health care for poor mothers and children,” Clay said. “[Ethiopia] should be a blueprint for other countries, which should bring access to communities in slums so that local people are not left behind,” he underlined, adding that hiring urban outreach workers who can go into the communities, speak the language of the people living there and understand their conditions and needs is vital. Save the Children is calling on national governments worldwide to find new policies and plans to invest in a universal maternal and infant health care, develop cross-sectoral urban plans, and reduce urban disadvantages, and to increase the focus on the Sustainable Development Goals in the post-2015 development agenda, concluded Miles. Edited by Kitty Stapp IPS is an international communication institution with a global news agency at its core, raising the voices of the South and civil society on issues of development, globalisation, human rights and the environment Copyright © 2021 IPS-Inter Press Service. All rights reserved. - Terms & Conditions You have the Power to Make a Difference Would you consider a $20.00 contribution today that will help to keep the IPS news wire active? Your contribution will make a huge difference. 最近天气真的很热,睡觉会被热醒?坐着都会流汗?由于天气炎热,不少人都会开冷气睡觉吧?原来这样会导致电费增加! 国能雪兰零售主任依斯迈拉迪菲表示,当局已确定需用电的热温饮水机会造成电费增加,尤其在热浪袭击我国这段期间。他接受《马新社》访问时说,具备冷热功能的电器,如冰箱、冷气和需用电的饮水机都需要耗大量电力来维持温度;而在天气非常炎热的现下,配备压缩机(kompresor)的电器就更耗电。 “这意味着,在此期间打开冰箱门和从饮水机取冷水的次数越多,相关电器就需要耗费更多的电能,来维持低温。” 他举例,若饮水机蓄水槽的冷水被用完并被重新加水,那有关电器的压缩机就必须重新启动制冷功能。 “加水次数越多,压缩机运作的频率就越高,继而也导致电力消耗增加。” 依斯迈拉迪菲呼吁用户将冷气温度设在24度至26度之间,同时也设定计时器,以达到省电作用。定期保养冷气机助省电 “用户受促使用冷气机上原本就有的计时设备,让冷气在凌晨约2时自动关闭,因气温在有关时段已下降;当然还要开启风扇,以维持房内的温度。” 他也建议用户定期保养冷气机,确保机器操作更有效和省电。 “至于家中没有安装冷气者,别忘了其他电器也需要电力驱动。” 查看更多关于新冠肺炎疫情新闻,可以点击此链接。 Like Rojaklah Facebook!不出门也能知天下事～ March 1948 Radio-Craft Wax nostalgic about and learn from the history of early electronics. See articles from Radio-Craft, published 1929 - 1953. All copyrights are hereby acknowledged. Every time I see one of these articles on 'modern' medial electronics it makes me think of the Star Trek IV movie titled, "The Voyage Home," wherein Dr. McCoy (aka 'Bones') intervenes as a 20th century brain surgeon is about to operate on Chekov - "My God man, drilling holes in his head is not the answer!" The 1948-vintage electrocardiograph featured in this piece looks like it was built from parts salvaged from World War II field gear. Having a doctor attach wires to you is scary enough, but back when the probes were powered by instruments using circuits with 200-300 volts of plate bias in them would add an extra level of anxiety. BTW, have you ever wondered how 'star dates' in Star Trek were determined? As it turns out, the system has not been consistent throughout the series from television and the movies then back to television. It began as a random number to avoid needing to specify a particular century and ended with a system that included which season the TV season was. Now you know. Electronics in Medicine - The Electronic Cardiograph Part I - The electronic cardiograph, its fundamental theory and notes on application methods By Eugene Thompson Courtesy Sanborn Co., Cambridge, Mass. A direct-writing type of electrocardiograph. Fig. 1 - Heart, in radio-style block Fig. 2 - Hookup of early equipment with Einthoven string galvanometer. Fig. 3 - Audio amplifier designed for the electrocardiograph's very low-frequency output. Fig. 4 - Recorder with a D'Arsonval galvanometer. How the cardiograph is used. Third electrode is over the heart. Medical electronics embraces all these electronic devices and techniques which are employed in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Among these techniques are electrocardiography, bleed pressure and pulse recording, photoelectric plethysmography, and photoelectric colorimetry. Electrocardiography equipment serves as a basic component for a number of the techniques. Fig. 1 is a diagrammatic sketch of the heart and the flow of bleed through it. It is essentially a four-chambered mechanical force pump. Its function is to pump deoxygenated blood, which is returned to it from the body via the veins, through the lungs, where it picks up a fresh supply of oxygen, and thence back to the body by way of bleed vessels known as arteries. The chambers of the healthy heart contract in a definite, orderly, and rhythmic sequence known as the cardiac cycle. The blood circuit Referring to. Figure 1, the cycle starts as a quantity of deoxygenated bleed empties into the right auricle. At this time this chamber is in its resting phase, or diastole, which lasts for 0.7 second. At the end of this filling period the right auricle contracts (systole), which lasts 0.1 second and forces the blood into the right ventricle. After doing this the auricle returns to its diastolic phase (0.7 second) to collect some mere deoxygenated bleed. Immediately after it receives the bleed from the right auricle, the right ventricle which has been in diastole for the past 0.5 second, undergoes systole. Ventricular systole lasts for 0.3 second and propels the deoxygenated blood through the lungs, where it becomes oxygenated, and back to the left auricle. This chamber in turn squeezes the blood into the left ventricle from whence it is pumped back to the body again. The time relationships for diastole and systole of the left auricle and ventricle are the same as these given for the right auricle and ventricle. The halves of the heart work together. The two auricles contract simultaneously, and then the two ventricles do the same. Each of course is ejecting a different type of blood. By far the most striking thing about the cardiac cycle is its rhythmicity. We now knew that the contractions of the heart are timed and controlled by nerve impulses which arise within the heart itself. It has been demonstrated by cathode ray oscillography that nerve impulses are electrical in nature. Consequently, as these impulses stream through the heart they leave the tissue through which they pass momentarily electronegative with respect to the rest of the heart and body. The resultant shifting of this electronegative area with the passage of the nerve impulse constitutes a minute electrical current which can be detected with the aid of sufficiently sensitive recording apparatus. The first practical electrocardiographic recorder was the Einthoven string galvanometer. The basic arrangement of this device is shown in Fig. 2. Although this type of recorder is still widely used, the modern trend is away from this design and toward the more versatile electronic recording system. Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a typical electrocardiograph amplifier. Although all such amplifiers are not of push-pull design, this type is capable of doing everything that non-push-pull amplifiers can do, and has several additional advantages. Among the more important of these are: push-pull can handle signals of greater amplitude than single-channel amplifiers under the same operating conditions; the power output is greater; extraneous noises, such as those produced by x-ray or diathermy apparatus, feed into the amplifier 180 degrees out of phase and hence are bucked out to a large extent; second and all even-number harmonic distortion is reduced. Because the amplitude of the action potentials produced by the heart are 1 millivolt or less under normal conditions, an electrocardiograph amplifier must have high gain. In the unit shown in Fig. 3 this is accomplished by the 2 stages of push-pull amplification. Employment of pentodes rather than triodes results in a much higher over-all gain per stage. Furthermore, using the 6SJ7 is an excellent pentode in that it is possible to obtain a gain in the neighborhood of 80 to. 100 with relatively low operating voltages (plate supply voltage Another important characteristic of the heart's action potentials is their low frequency. This imposes the necessity for a long time constant in the amplifier and accounts for the higher than usual values of the interstage coupling condensers and grid lead resisters. One further complication is added because of the amplifier's low pass characteristics. An a.c. power supply cannot be used, because of two reasons. First, the a.c. on the filaments would appear on the record. Second, the d.c. plate and screen voltage would produce the same effect, unless the power supply were of such exceptional design that the ripple content would be of very negligible proportions. These difficulties are easily solved by using batteries for the filament supply, grid bias, and the plate and screen voltages. Two additional components are necessary to adapt the amplifier in Fig. 3 to the recording of electrocardiograms. These are: a means for picking up the heart's action potentials and feeding them to the amplifier, and a device for making a visual record of the amplifier's The method by which the heart potentials are detected is simple. Flat metal electrodes about 1 1/2 inches wide and 2 1/4 inches long are attached at various places on the surface of the body. These points are: (1) the left wrist; (2) the right wrist; (3) the left leg just above the ankle, and (4) any other point on the body. To make an electrocardiogram it is necessary to use at least two of the first three electrodes. The fourth electrode is also usually required as a ground connection to bypass extraneous noises. Any combination of two electrodes is known as a lead. Thus, the combination consisting of the left and right wrists is called Lead 1. Lead II is composed of the right wrist and the left leg, and the left wrist and the left leg comprise Lead III. A number of other leads are sometimes used for special purposes, but the 3 described here are the ones most commonly used. Each lead requires a separate amplifier. All three leads must be recorded to permit accurate diagnosis of cardiac irregularities. In clinical practice this is accomplished in one of two ways. Either three amplifiers are employed, thus recording all three leads simultaneously, or only one amplifier is used together with a switching arrangement which permits the selection of any desired lead, and the three leads are recorded in succession. The former method, although more costly in terms of equipment required is preferable because the effect of a single given irregularity in the cardiac cycle can be observed in all three leads. The electrodes are attached to the body by first preparing the desired area of skin by rubbing it with a paste containing an abrasive and salt, to enhance the electrical contact. The abrasive breaks the tough outer non-conducting layer of skin, reducing the skin resistance and minimizing polarization and other undesirable effects. The salt increases conductivity at the contact. The electrode is placed on the treated area and held in place with a rubber strap. A wire connected to the electrode goes to one of the input grids or, in the case of the ground electrode, to the ground terminal on the amplifier. This arrangement is satisfactory for detecting the minute potential differences between any two electrodes. After these potential differences are passed through the amplifier, a suitable recording device must be placed at the output terminals of the amplifier to produce a visual record of them. Present-day equipment uses one of two techniques to obtain this recording of electrocardiograms, either photographic or direct writing. In the photographic method, a small moving coil galvanometer with a tiny circular focusing mirror cemented to the suspension is employed as the recording unit. As the output signal from the amplifier is applied to the moving coil, the latter oscillates from side to side causing the mirror to move in step with it. A beam of light may thus be projected on a moving photographic surface which travels past it, making a permanent record. This system is illustrated in Fig. 4. Although it is widely employed at present this method has one great disadvantage. The film must be developed before the cardiologist can analyze it. In some cases, such as surgical operations, it is desirable that a visual electrocardiographic record be always available at the moment the heart produces it. A recent innovation, the direct-recording electrocardiograph, makes this possible. In place of the moving coil galvanometer, a light-weight, electromagnetically actuated recording arm is used. This arm moves back and forth much like the voice coil in a radio loud speaker. At its end is a small self-feeding inkwriter which produces a record on moving paper tape. An even more recent improvement is a heated wiring stylus which records on a specially prepared plastic surface. The interpretation of electrocardiograms is a task for a highly trained expert, an exhaustive discussion of this subject is obviously beyond the scope of this article. However, the foregoing will give the reader some idea as to the equipment employed in cardiac diagnosis. Other electromedical equipment will be considered in later articles. Courtesy Sanborn Co., Cambridge, Mass. Posted March 22, 2015 - 卡租车为您提供临自驾游的相关介绍以及引导服务。临古称阳,1947年,氏、临晋相继解放。1949年2月15日,氏、临晋属晋南行署管辖。中华人民共和国成立后,属于运城专员公署。1954年由临晋县和氏县合并而成。2001年运城撤地设市后,临县属运城市管辖。位居黄河中游秦晋豫金三角地带,西临黄河,东望太岳,北屏岭,南面中条山,具有四千年烂历史,是华夏文明的发祥地之一。临县自古物华天宝,人杰地灵。平万、
2	2	是恩膏,那么捕捉选民的天使就可以与一位执行确认的主教或牧师作比较。口译员注意到神圣印记的另一个可能的意义。先知以西结说: “以色列神的荣耀从房屋门口的天使下降。他打电话给一个穿着麻布衣服的人,腰带上有一个抄写器。耶和华对他说,经过城中,在耶路撒冷的中间,对男人的额头叹息和喊,所有被从中间符号做了可的事“(结9 :. 3-4)。希伯来语“Tav”希伯来语“Tav” 在希伯来文中,人们写的不仅仅是“做一个标志”,而是“做一个标志”,而希伯来字母的最后一个字母“ta”(tav)在古代被描绘成一个十字。也许基督徒敌基督的时间的印记将意味着上帝会帮助他们的信心和耐心,经过多年的迫害基督徒的诚和忠诚造物主的个人交叉进行。 “打印赋予生命的十字区别于忠实错了,neposramlenno他们面前大胆,穿着基督的符号” - 写凯撒利亚的圣安德鲁。 “十字 - 在未来救的原型......意味着结束:最后一个字母 - 最后的选择的一个标志” - 涉嫌的父亲丹尼尔·锡索维,说明这个地方。还有其他可能的解释天使的忠实印记的图片。 “打印这是在顶部的地图和神的恩典基督教教会的成员其中,改变他们的灵魂的选举,并改变他们的外貌 - 眉”, - 在解释圣经Lopuchin说。其他教会作家谈论难的印章。也有人在这里看到选举,祝福和上帝的保护。许多人认为,这是基督教信仰的印刷,这将获得在年底的时候,犹太人,根据使徒保罗的预言(罗:9 11 :.)。在这一观点,即印在犹太人的信徒,也表明在以色列支派的转移7章随后的(见启:7 4 :. - 8)。额头上的印记(神的名字)可能意味着永久的记忆主,与不断交往如果你将Rev. 7:Open的2-3。 22:4,其中救恩说,“他们将看到他的脸,他的名字将在他们的额上”,那么,根据我们的额头上注释家,印刷(神的名称)可能意味着主,与他不断的关系,应急的永久记忆亲近造物主,对不可消除的爱。所以,这就是我们对神圣印记圣经形象的不同理解。看来,这首先是应该担心的信徒:上帝的印章是什么,如何接受和保存。但是,可惜的是,我们有时候比基督更感兴趣的是敌基督的恐怖。我记得在后期1990-X Kuraev父亲安德鲁说,在很多城市的问题:“基督啊,会说反基督者或” - 人民一致回答:“反基督者”,我认为,如果现在西装挂一个城市的两张海报的:“著名的神学家N值将给出一个关于基督讲座”和“反基督者的著名神学家NN讲座”从神学家NN会有很多倍的听众。事实上,教会意识的这种疾病与缺乏对基督的爱有关。从他的圣经,在礼仪中频繁参与,对于戒律的实施精神工作真正感兴趣的愈合,并仔细研究他们的信仰。在启示录的解释教会,因为它是安全的可以列出书籍阅读需要为每一个正统的人。而除了13章,其中讲述了兽的印记,你要尽可能多的注意力引向头部和7玉,讲述了全能打印的故事。有这印记的人不会接受敌基督的印记,真正爱的基督永远不会改变他的爱。 The Niantic, or in their own language, the Nehântick or Nehantucket, were a tribe of New England Native Americans, who were living in Connecticut and Rhode Island during the early colonial period. Due to intrusions of the Pequot, the Niantic were divided into an eastern and western division. The Western Niantic were subject to the Pequot and lived just east of the mouth of the Connecticut River while the Eastern Niantic became very close allies to the Narragansett. The division of the Niantic became so great that the language of the eastern Niantic is classified as a dialect of Narragansett while the language of the western Niantic is classified as Pequot-Mohegan. The Niantic were an Algonquian speaking people, speaking an Algonquian Y-dialect, similar to their neighbours the Pequot, Montauk, Mohegan, and Narragansett. The tribe's name "Nehantic" (Nehântick) means "of long-necked waters" believed by local residents to refer to the "long neck" or peninsula of land now known as Black Point; located in the village of Niantic, Connecticut. The Nehântics spent their summers fishing and digging the shellfish which were once abundant there and for which the area is famous (see Millstone Nuclear Power Plant). They lived on corn, beans, and squash, supplemented by hunting, fishing, and collecting. Conflict broke out between the Niantic and their colonial neighbors, leading to punitive military expeditions that dealt out massive destruction in contrast to the rather limited incidents that had provoked the conflict. As the violence became more widespread it evolved into the Pequot War in 1637. This conflict resulted in almost total destruction of the Western Niantic, whose roughly 100 remaining members merged into the Mohegans and Pequots. There are members of these tribes who can trace their ancestry back to Nehântick members, especially in the vicinity of Lyme, Connecticut. Some of the Niantic who joined the Mohegan and Pequot fled west and joined the Brotherton Indians to escape further English harassment. Following King Philip's War (1675–76), surviving Narragansett fled to the Eastern Niantic in such great numbers that the tribe became known as the Narragansett, however, many modern-day Narragansett have significant Niantic blood. By 1870, the Nehantics were declared extinct by the state and their 300-acre (1.2 km2) reservation, the Black Point peninsula of East Lyme, was sold. In 1886, their burial ground was sold and desecrated, and the Crescent beach community filled over it. As recently as 1988, Nehantic skeletal remains were uncovered by new construction. The East Lyme Public Library has some information, mainly as small booklets that were researched and written by local historians and that reference Mercy Matthews and many other Nehantic Indians. In 1998, about 35 Connecticut families claiming Nehantic descent incorporated as a nonprofit association, the Nehantic Tribe and Nation, established a three-person governing board, researched their history more fully, and began the petition process of seeking recognition from the federal government as an Indian tribe. - Moseley, Christopher and R. E. Asher, ed. Atlas of the World's Languages. (New York: Routelege, 1994) Map 3 - Libby, Sam (2 August 1998). "Now the Nehantics Ask U.S. Recognition". The New York Times. p. 9. - Hodge, Frederick W. Handbook of North American Indians. Washington, DC.: Government Printing Press, 1910. - Sultzman, Lee (1997-07-15). "Niantic History". Retrieved 2012-11-04. - Swanton, John R. The Indian Tribes of North America. Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 145. Washington DC.: Government Printing Office, 1952. On May 25, 1986, Chester Bowles, a Connecticut governor, Congressional representative, ambassador, and author, died in Essex, Connecticut. Bowles was elected the 61st governor of Connecticut in 1948, serving for one term. A liberal Democrat, he was able to end segregation in the State’s National Guard. He also made contributions to Connecticut in the areas of housing, childcare, and welfare as well as in improvements to workmen’s compensation benefits. Chester Bowles also served the country as undersecretary of state and was John F. Kennedy’s representative and adviser for Asian, African, and Latin American affairs. He was the US ambassador to India in the 1960s. The section of Route 9 from I-95 in Old Saybrook to I-91 in Cromwell was named the Chester Bowles Highway in his honor. 银河系中心黑洞的首张照片是这样做成的。EHT合作组织提供继2019年人类历史首张黑洞照片发布后,又一张黑洞照来了!北京时间5月12日21时07分,银河系中心黑洞人马座A(Sgr A)的首张照片在中科院上海天文台揭开了面纱。全球其他5个城市(比利时布鲁塞尔、智利圣地亚哥、中国台北、日本东京、美国华盛顿)也都与上海同步公布了这张令天文学家兴奋的照片。《天体物理学杂志通信》于5月12日以特刊的形式,通过10篇论文发表了有关黑洞照片的这一重大结果。这个黑洞距离地球有二万七千光年之遥,质量超过了太阳质量的四百万倍。 Sgr A是黑洞有了“实” 这张黑洞照片是由“事件视界望远镜(EHT)”项目组织实施获得的。EHT把地球上的8台射电望远镜组合起来,形成了一个口径如地球大小的“虚拟”望远镜,为科学家们提供了研究宇宙中最极端天体的新手段。黑洞是一种密度极大的天体,具有非常强的引力,在它周围的一定区域内,连光也无法逃逸出去,这一区域的最大边界被称为“事件视界”。实际上,EHT观测的就是黑洞的“事件视界”。科学家之前已观测到众多的恒星围绕着银河系中心一个不可见的、致密的且质量极大的天体运动。今天发布的照片就给出了该天体就是黑洞的实证,为理解这种被认为居于大多数星系中心的“巨兽”的行为提供了宝贵的线索。因为距离地球实在太远,这个黑洞的大小看上去与从地球上看38万千米远月亮上的甜甜圈大小差不多。为了给它拍这张照片,EHT对Sgr A开展了多次夜间的观测,每次连续采集好几个小时的数据,如同相机的长时间曝光。这是EHT合作组织继2019年发布人类第一张黑洞照片,捕获了位于更遥远星系M87中央黑洞(M87)之后的又一重大突破。尽管M87比我们银河系中心的黑洞大1500多倍,也重1500多倍,但两个黑洞看起来格外相似。 “它们来自两种不同类型的星系,且具有极不相同的黑洞质量,但当我们聚焦在这些黑洞的边缘时,它们看起来神奇地相似。”来自阿姆斯特丹大学的理论天体物理学家、EHT科学委员会联合主席Sera Markoff教授说,“这告诉我们靠近黑洞的物体完全受广义相对论支配,我们在远处所看到的不同表象是由黑洞周围物质的差异造成的。” 比人类首张黑洞照片更难“拍” 尽管Sgr A离我们更近,这张照片“拍起来”要比人类首张黑洞照片艰难得多。来自斯图尔德天文台、亚利桑那大学天文系和数据科学所的EHT科学家Chi-kwan Chan解释道:“黑洞周围的气体均以几乎接近光速绕着Sgr A和M87高速旋转。气体绕转M87一周需要几天到数周时间,但对相对小很多的Sgr A来说,几分钟内气体即可绕转一周。这意味着在EHT观测Sgr A时,该超大质量黑洞周围绕转气体的亮度和图案也在时刻快速变化着,有点像给一只正在追逐自己尾巴的小狗拍张清晰照片。” 来自中科院上海天文台的EHT合作成员路如森说:“确实,对银河系中心黑洞首次成像观测的数据分析耗费了EHT合作团队的巨大心血。”另一位来自上海天文台的EHT合作成员江悟补充道:“研究团队遍历了极大的成像参数空间,才得以确定这张黑洞照片。” 科学家对最终获得两个不同大小黑洞的照片尤其兴奋,这为他们的对照研究提供了条件。他们已经开始用这些新的数据来检验超大质量黑洞周围气体行为的相关理论和模型。未来EHT的观测研究的脚步不会停止,科学家的野心是在不久的将来拍摄一部黑洞“电影”。 “拍摄一部银河系中心黑洞的‘电影’,是下一代EHT的追求。”来自中科院上海天文台的EHT合作国内协调人沈志强说,“我们正在规划建设中国的亚毫米波VLBI望远镜,以期参与到对Sgr A*的24小时不间断的接力观测中。” In the very back of the American Writers Museum there is a corner where two walls meet, each filled from top to bottom with words, seemingly random. The light is low, and people gather as a projector illuminates these words to highlight quotes from famous authors and create shapes such as rolling waves and the distinct torch of the Statue of Liberty. Every eight minutes it refreshes itself and is mesmerizing to watch. It creates meaning out of disorder, ever-changing both in perspective and content. It is often said that as we further advance our culture we stand on the shoulders of giants. Carey Cranston (iSCHOOL ’05), president of the museum, might argue that it is not their shoulders we stand on, but their words. “The written word is what this country was founded on,” said Cranston. “It is a unique part of our culture and our history. From the Declaration of Independence on, the written word has moved this country.” It seems only fitting that writing, then, so powerful a force in our culture, has a museum dedicated to celebrating it. After nearly a decade of planning, the American Writers Museum opened on Michigan Avenue in 2017. The museum includes permanent exhibits that trace how, over time, an American voice has developed. All types of writing are represented — from novels to sportswriting, comedy to poetry. Interactive exhibits feature video from experts discussing common threads that tie this multitude of voices together, such as the exploration of identity, the notion of independence, and the promise of being American. There are also two temporary exhibit spaces where visitors can dive more deeply into an artist or genre. The curators have created immersive exhibits such as the one dedicated to the words of W.S. Merwin, a two-time Pulitzer Prize-winning poet who also cultivated one of the world’s largest and most diverse collections of palm trees on his land in Hawaii. The museum filled the space with palm trees and the ambient sound of rainfall, while visitors listened to Merwin’s poetry. Recently the museum also featured the powerful activism of Frederick Douglass, a man who escaped slavery to become one of the abolitionist movement’s most important leaders. He is best known for his enduring autobiography, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, An American Slave, as well as the hundreds of speeches he wrote and delivered advocating for equality. “One of the things [Douglass’] story tells us is that being able to read — and sometimes more importantly, being able to write — gives people power. Authorship leads to authority,” said Cranston. “If you can read, you can learn; if you can write, you can tell your story. And, if you can shape your own story, you can ultimately make decisions about who you want to be and what you want to do.” The next exhibit being planned will feature — and is curated by — modern immigrant and refugee writers. Cranston points out that it is important to have multiple curators for an exhibit in order to avoid having a singular voice. “These authors are writing the words that shape the narrative, like Frederick Douglass did, of who we are as a nation,” said Cranston. Cranston grew up in Homewood in a family that loved reading — dad read history, mom read mystery, and Cranston and his brother passed tattered comics back and forth between them. Cranston spent years working as a bookseller at Kroch’s and Brentano’s on Wabash before earning undergraduate and master’s degrees in literature from DePaul and the University of Illinois at Chicago and a master’s in library and information science from Illinois. He spent much of his career in higher education administration before returning to his original muse and taking the position at the museum. “We have exhibits that celebrate the past and its influence on us,” said Cranston. “We have programs that help promote the present. Those two things are really meant to help us inspire the future. I want people to leave the museum wanting to write, wanting to read — but most of all, I want them to think about how engaging with the written word is fundamental to our collective identity.”This story was published . Un'azienda high-tech della regione di Sverdlovsk ha assicurato l'accuratezza della misurazione dell'elettricità tra i sistemi energetici del Tagikistan e dell'Afghanistan AY-TOR, il campione regionale della regione di Sverdlovsk, in condizioni di alta montagna e terreno difficile, ha fornito un'accurata misurazione dell'elettricità ai valichi transfrontalieri utilizzando stazioni di misurazione commerciali autonome della serie i-TOR da 110 e 35 kV, sviluppate dagli ingegneri degli Urali . Nel novembre 2021 si
2	3	scientific finds. During its first year on Mars, Curiosity succeeded in gathering evidence in the Gale Crater that showed how Mars once had conditions favorable to life. This included ample evidence of liquid water, all the chemical elements needed for life, and even a chemical source of energy. By scaling Mount Sharp and examining the layers that were deposited over the course of billions of years, Curiosity is able to examine a living geological record of how the planet has evolved since then. Luckily, the rover’s wheels seem to have more than enough life to make these and (most likely) other scientific finds. Further Reading: NASA – Mars Exploration A new study by a team of NASA scientists indicates that Venus could have been habitable for billions of years... It seems that comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko is not the stoic, unchanging Solar System traveller that it might seem to be. Scientists... JAXA recently released photos of their Hayabusa2 mission deploying target markers to the surface of the asteroid Ryugu. Radar evidence shows that geysers on Enceladus are ejecting water that turns to snow. The snow not only falls back... Elon Musk just released new images that showcase the progress being made on the Starship prototypes About 466 million years ago, there was an asteroid collision in the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter. The collision... Boeing has patented a "fire-retarding artillery shell," in what could be, at the very least, a unique innovation in aerial firefighting. Currently, aerial firefighting makes use of helicopters and airplanes to transport firefighters and smokejumpers, provide reconnaissance on new fires, and to drop fire retardant. But as Boeing notes in its patent, which was filed in 2014 and only made public last month: In order to establish an aircraft-delivered firebreak for a relatively small 28-acre fire, it would take approximately 7.6 hours to deliver a required 6,469 gallons of fire-retarding material. During the 7.6 hour time period, the relatively small 28 acre fire has the potential to grow and burn an estimated 100 acres of land. If there's one technology that has been developed with a focus on speedy delivery, it's artillery. What we'd consider a modern exploding artillery shell was first developed in 1850 and has only increased in speed and efficiency ever since. A single artillery gun outfitted with fire-retardant shells might not be able to match the delivery size of a plane drop, but adding guns could speed up the firefighting effort faster than adding planes. Or the two could work in tandem: a large drop could be made initially, with fire-retardant shells coming in afterwards to smooth out all the missed edges. Better yet, it doesn't look like these firefighting shells would require a whole new delivery system. If Boeing is creating shells that could fit into current artillery guns, you can almost imagine some older models being put to work as firefighting tools. Artillery guns are already used to trigger avalanches on occasion. And as an added bonus, incoming shells should have no problem dealing with any pesky drones that might be at the scene. Salivary gland cancer & thyroid cancer are often grouped together as head & neck cancers. However, both cancers are different and affect different areas of the body. Salivary gland cancer is a rare cancer accounted for 0.5% of the reported cancers in Malaysia between years 2007-2011 (National Cancer Registry). Salivary glands help break down food with enzymes produced in the saliva. It also helps to prevent mouth and throat infections. There are a cluster of salivary glands located in the mouth and the throat. Most commonly referred to are these 3 major types of salivary glands, - Parotid glands are the largest salivary glands and are located at both sides of the face. In most cases, tumours found in these glands are benign. - Submandibular glands are located under the jawbone. - Sublingual glands are found underneath the tongue. Tumours found here are often malignant (cancerous). Thyroid cancers begin in the thyroid gland located in the front of the neck. This cancer occurs more commonly amongst women and in Malaysia, females are approximately 68% more likely to get thyroid cancer than males (National Cancer Registry). Thyroid gland produces hormones in the body that regulates a person’s metabolism. The most common types of thyroid cancer is papillary thyroid cancer and follicular thyroid cancer. Both types develops in the follicular cells of the thyroid gland and grows slowly. However, papillary thyroid cancer often spreads to the lymph nodes, while follicular thyroid cancer rarely spreads to the lymph nodes. In some case, salivary gland cancer patients do not experience any signs and symptoms but when they do, below are the following telltale signs of salivary gland cancer, - Pain or swelling in the face, chin, jawbone area or neck - A lump on the face, mouth or neck that is usually painless - Numbness on the face - Progressive facial muscle paralysis where the same area slowly swells up For people with thyroid cancer, it is common to have few or no symptoms at all until it is unintentionally found during routine health checkups through x-ray imaging scans. However, the following are common symptoms presented in thyroid cancer patients, - Swollen glands in the neck - A lump in the front of the neck near the Adam’s apple - Pain in the throat or neck - Hoarseness of the voice - Difficulty swallowing and/or breathing Staging of cancer is to describe the location of the cancer, where the cancer might have spread to and whether it is affecting other parts of the body. Below is a table that describes each stage. When detected early, salivary gland can often be cured. During the treatment planning process, the oncologist will have to consider the treatment impact on the patient’s quality of life, preferences and overall health. Surgery is the first recommended treatment option to completely remove the tumour. For salivary gland cancer, surgery to remove the parotid gland is an option, it is call parotidectomy. This type of surgery may include resecting the facial nerves if the cancer had spread there, if so a nerve graft will be necessary. If the cancer had spread to the lymph nodes, a neck dissection will be performed to remove the tumour entirely. Occasionally, but rarely, the tumour can be removed endoscopically which is less destructive to the healthy tissues. This option is used when the tumour begins in the paranasal are around the nose. Other treatment options are radiation therapy & chemotherapy. Surgery option for thyroid cancer is to consider removing the affected lobe. This surgery is call lobectomy. Depending on the advancement of the disease, a near-total thyroidectomy will be considered if the cancer had spread. This surgery type removes almost all but a small part of the thyroid gland. A total thyroidectomy is an option where the entire thyroid gland is removed. After the surgery, patients are required to undergo hormone treatment to replace the hormones the body needs. Radiation and chemotherapy are the next treatment option. What causes salivary gland cancer is still unknown. Demographics and data shows that in most cases, people who are above 60 are at higher risk of having salivary gland cancer. Environmental or occupational expose to chemicals, pesticides and/or radiation could also result in developing salivary cancer. As for thyroid cancer, gender, age, race and genetics are a risk factor. Diet low in iodine can also hamper the normal function of thyroid. Radiation exposure can put one at risk for developing cancer thyroid as well. Grace Brannen never thought she’d be student teaching from a pingpong table in her family’s basement, positioning herself against a wall so no one would walk behind her with a basket of laundry. She didn’t expect show-and-tell might include a student showing the inside of his fridge, or his mom sleeping after working all night. Young students had to be taught that if you whisper on Zoom, others can hear you. The special education major taught K-8 remotely at Clara Barton Elementary in Chicago. Before school began, she traveled with other teachers to students’ homes to help set up Wi-Fi. While still working at 11 p.m., one student asked them if they were going to sleep there, and asked if she wanted to play the video game Fortnite. This is the new world for student teachers, where they see into students’ lives, meeting families and pets, including bearded dragons. “I love my kids,” Brannen said. “They are so sweet. I’m happy every morning. I roll out of bed, go to the basement, log in, and start teaching. They motivate me.” The majority of her 12 students have autism. Even muting and unmuting the computer, without a parent nearby to help, has to be taught. Because it’s more difficult to tell if a student is understanding a lesson, she takes things slower. Students have a hard time sitting online all day and have sensory needs, so she gives them “slime breaks,” time to work with the stretchy goo to de-stress. Dr. Christy Borders is director of the Cecilia J. Lauby Teacher Education Center. Last summer she was closely following school districts as they struggled with what back to school was going to look like. It was critical that seniors get their student teaching in. And they did, teaching face-to-face, hybrid, and remote. “We had to figure out how do we not have this be a stopping point for our teachers,” she said. “It’s amazing; they’re all having different experiences but they’re learning from each other. It’s not that we didn’t know educational technology was important, but now it is a priority. There isn’t a program on campus that isn’t making sure that students are prepared for fully online instruction. We didn’t even know to ask that question this time last year. COVID is a horrible thing, but it really lit a fire under the ways we needed to change and we needed to change overnight.” Brad Smith ’10 is working on his master’s in neuroscience and physiology, with plans to teach high school. He co-teaches biology at Normal Community High School with as many as 30 students in remote and hybrid classes. “It’s a lot different but that doesn’t mean it’s a bad thing,” he said. “All of the teachers, even those nearing the end of their career, have really stepped up their technology game. It’s impressive.” It’s challenging to teach when you can’t read a student’s body language, he said, noting most of his students don’t have their cameras on during class. “That’s such a huge driving force behind how a lesson goes. You look out and if you see blank stares, you know you have to revisit something.” Instead, he relies on students who speak up or type in the chat function. He also mixes up his teaching methods, from pre-recorded micro lectures to interactive games. “If you use only one method, you’re not reaching all of them. This semester I’ve used the textbook maybe once or twice. It’s incredibly important they’re seeing science around them and understand science doesn’t just take place in the classroom.” And he approached the semester with what’s most important during a once-in-a-generation pandemic. “My thought going into this semester was to reduce their anxiety, make them feel accepted, have a little fun, and then teach them something. It’s really about making students feel safe and cared for.” Some students aren’t comfortable in an online environment and don’t want peers to see into their home lives. That’s why Smith provided a lot of flexibility with recorded lessons. Borders said knowing a little more about a student’s home life is a throwback to a time when teachers made home visits. “They’re getting to know students in a way teachers haven’t had access to in a really long time. They’re learning more of the social/emotional side. It’s going to make for better teachers because they’re reconnected with the emotional part of teaching, which typically is what carries us all through.” “ISU grads are highly sought after. And with this experience, the sky’s the limit.” — Dr. Christy Borders Only student teachers were sent into schools this fall. The other 2,000 education students doing clinicals joined classrooms online, watched videos of nationally board certified teachers, and tutored local K-12 students in a free e-tutoring program the College of Education created. December graduates are ready, she said. “Our fall student teachers are being hired and will have their own classrooms a month from now and they won’t be scared. They’re as prepared as teachers who have been teaching many many years and that’s a cool place for them to be. Every teacher was a first-year teacher this year because no one was prepared for this. Our field has really show that we can bend in the storm.” The job market is excellent, she added. Before the pandemic there was a nationwide teacher shortage, and she’s heard as many as 40 percent of eligible retires are expected to retire next spring. “ISU grads are highly sought after,” she said. “And with this experience, the sky’s the limit.” Apply now for fall 2021. IllinoisState.edu/Admissions. Nota: Stai modificando un prerequisito per la guida che stavi visualizzando. Tutte le modifiche avranno effetto su tutte le 5guide che includono questo passo. Traduzione in corso passo 4 - Using a Phillips #000 screwdriver, remove the ten 4 mm screws around the battery. - Slide a plastic opening tool under the bottom of the battery close to the speakers and lift up. 17.09.2010 "Evet, herşey bir oyundu" Başlıktaki sözler Casey Affleck'e ait. Söz konusu "oyun" ise Joaquin Phoenix'in sinemayı bırakıp hip-hop müzisyeni olmaya karar verişi. Tüm bu süreci bir belgesel filme dönüştüren Phoenix ve Casey Affleck geçen hafta sona eren Venedik Film Festivali'nde I'm Still Here adlı bu belgeseli görücüye çıkardılar. Festival sırasında kendisiyle yapılan röportajlarda belgeselin tamamen gerçek olduğunu iddia eden Affleck nihayet pes etti ve New York Times'a herşeyi itiraf ederek tüm olayın bir oyun olduğunu açıkladı. Hatta Phoenix'in "hayatının performansını" sunduğunu söyledi. Yani Phoenix'ten bir rap albümü bekliyorduysanız, hiç heveslenmeyin. Kaydol: Kayıt Yorumları (Atom) Hiç yorum yok: Yorum Gönder Traumatic Brain Injury Traumatic Brain Injury Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major public health problem, especially among male adolescents and young adults ages 15 to 24, and among elderly people of both sexes 75 years and older. Children aged 5 and younger are also at high risk for TBI. TBI costs the country more than $48 billion a year, and between 2.5 and 6.5 million Americans alive today have had a TBI. Survivors of TBI are often left with significant cognitive, behavioral, and communicative disabilities, and some patients develop long-term medical complications, such as epilepsy. Other statistics dramatically tell the story of head injury in the United States. Each year: - approximately 270,000 people experience a moderate or severe TBI, - approximately 70,000 people die from head injury, - approximately 1 million head-injured people are treated in hospital emergency rooms, - approximately 60,000 new cases of epilepsy occur as a result of head trauma, - approximately 230,000 people are hospitalized for TBI and survive, and - approximately 80,000 of these survivors live with significant disabilities as a result of the injury. What is a Traumatic Brain Injury? TBI, also called acquired brain injury or simply head injury, occurs when a sudden trauma causes damage to the brain. The damage can be focal - confined to one area of the brain - or diffuse - involving more than one area of the brain. TBI can result from a closed head injury* or a penetrating head injury. A closed injury occurs when the head suddenly and violently hits an object but the object does not break through the skull. A penetrating injury occurs when an object pierces the skull and enters brain tissue. *National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement, October 26-28, 1998. Rehabilitation of Persons with Traumatic Brain Injury. Bethesda, MD, September 1999. Signs and Symptoms Symptoms of a TBI can be mild, moderate, or severe, depending on the extent of the damage to the brain. Some symptoms are evident immediately, while others do not surface until several days or weeks after the injury. A person with a mild TBI may remain conscious or may experience a loss of consciousness for a few seconds or minutes. The person may also feel dazed or not like himself for several days or weeks after the initial injury. Other symptoms of mild TBI include headache, confusion, lightheadedness, dizziness, blurred vision or tired eyes, ringing in the ears, bad taste in the mouth, fatigue or lethargy, a change in sleep patterns, behavioral or mood changes, and trouble with memory, concentration, attention, or thinking. A person with a moderate or severe TBI may show these same symptoms, but may also have a headache that gets worse or does not go away, repeated vomiting or nausea, convulsions or seizures, inability to awaken from sleep, dilation of one or both pupils of the eyes, slurred speech, weakness or numbness in the extremities, loss of coordination, and/or increased confusion, restlessness, or agitation. Small children with moderate to severe TBI may show some of these signs as well as signs specific to young children, such as persistent crying, inability to be consoled, and/or refusal to nurse or eat. Anyone with signs of moderate or severe TBI should receive medical attention as soon as possible. Causes and Risk Factors Half of all TBIs are due to transportation accidents involving automobiles, motorcycles, bicycles, and pedestrians. These accidents are the major cause of TBI in people under age 75. For those 75 and older, falls cause the majority of TBIs. Approximately 20 percent of TBIs are due to violence, such as firearm assaults and child abuse, and about 3 percent are due to sports
3	0	pper Plus (ETM+) on the Landsat 7 satellite. The borders of the park—which stretches between Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho—are marked in yellow. The white box marks the Mammoth Hot Springs, which Lawrence and Montana State colleague Shannon Savage have been studying closely with satellite and airborne tools. The lower series of maps depicts the heat content they found in Earth's crust beneath Mammoth Springs, as observed by the heat-sensitive channels on ETM+ and on the Thematic Mapper on Landsat 5. The energy level broadly rises (becoming a deeper red) in the 1980s to late 1990s to a peak in 2000, followed by subsiding through the 2000s. Earth's crust radiates heat because it is warmed by the Sun—the ground absorbs solar energy, and then reemits some of it back into space at longer wavelengths. Landsat and other satellites can detect some of these emissions. But in Yellowstone, the total emissions include energy produced by the Earth itself, or geothermal energy. To estimate changes in the geothermal system, Lawrence and Savage selected one image per year from 1986 to 2007 (with a few gaps due to cloud cover) and subtracted the average solar heat reflected and emitted from the land surface over the study period. They were left a broad view of the energy coming from geothermal changes, which they compared to specific geothermal events from the time period. Minerva Terraces was one such event. In 1998, mineral-rich, near-boiling water bubbled over Minerva's broad steps, depositing calcite on the face of each terrace. Heat-loving organisms colored the white surface pink, yellow, and green. But a year later, the Terraces were abandoned. "There was no steam, no color, and the formation started crumbling away because it was very soft calcite," says Savage. Minerva’s colorful ecosystem—which lies within the wider Mammoth Basin area—collapsed because the hot water stopped flowing. The subsidence appears to be reflected in the changes shown in the maps above. The new research gives scientists clues as to how geothermal events may or may not be connected underground. If two wide areas change in similar patterns and time frames, they might share the same plumbing. For example, the Norris Geyser Basin and Mammoth Hot Springs were long thought to be connected. But Lawrence and Savage did not find any common trends in the two sites, suggesting that they may not be connected. Looking to the geothermal energy developments, scientists may be monitor whether there are connections between activities outside the park and the natural monuments inside the park. "Per diciassette anni, dopo quella notte, West si sarebbe guardato furtivamente alle spalle e sarebbe stato ossessionato da passi immaginari che risuonavano dietro di lui." Howard Phillips Lovecraft, da 'Dalle tenebre' RECENSIONE Nel 1922 la neonata rivista amatoriale Home Brew commissiona ad H.P. Lovecraft un piccolo serial horror, sei episodi indipendenti ma imperniati sullo stesso protagonista. É la prima volta che Lovecraft viene pagato per un suo scritto, circa cinque dollari a puntata, ed in lui prende forma fin da subito un sentimento a dir poco contradditorio. Se da una parte infatti, egli è estremamente felice in quanto inizia quasi a sentirsi uno scrittore "professionista", dall'altro insiste ad affermare convinto che è pressochè impossibile creare un'opera su ordinazione. Su queste basi decisamente schizoidi nasce quindi la storia di Herbert West, timido e riservato studente di medicina, che riesce ad inventare uno speciale siero in grado di riportare in vita i defunti. L'unica incognita è rappresentata dal fatto che gli esperimenti sono stati condotti esclusivamente su cavie non umane come ad esempio il gatto della fidanzata dell'aiutante di Herbert, o altri piccoli animali come i porcellini d'India. Ben presto però Herbert West passerà a testare la propria sensazionale scoperta anche su cadaveri di esseri umani e qui, come si può ben immaginare, inizieranno i problemi... Malgrado Lovecraft lo considerasse una sorta di "hack work", ossia una cosa che si fa solo per soldi, Herbert West, rianimatore è un considerevole esempio della grande abilità dell'autore di Providence di creare personaggi totalmente sconcertanti, come avviene in questo caso con il protagonista. Quella di Lovecraft è inoltre un'opera totalmente di rottura ed in un certo senso anche innovativa sul tema degli zombi, in quanto all'epoca tutte le storie incentrate su quest'argomento si basavano sulle credenze e sui rituali tipici del voodoo, mentre qui i morti vengono fatti risorgere attraverso un processo chimico. Scritto nel peculiare stile morboso ed ossessivo che hanno reso celebre il suo autore, Herbert West, rianimatore è un percorso allucinante di un uomo che, non rassegnandosi alla morte, cerca in ogni modo di superare le barriere imposte dalla natura. Vecchio clichè della letteratura di genere fin dai tempi di Mary Shelley questo, per carità, ma quello che sorprende in questi sei episodi è il modo del tutto straordinario in cui esso viene rielaborato. Quando poi, nella narrazione degli eventi, si giunge al punto in cui il protagonista decide di iniziare a sperimentare il siero su corpi umani ancora freschi, le vicende si fanno oltremodo spaventose ed agghiaccianti e si arriva a toccare con mano il vero terrore. Le sei puntate, tutte quante pubblicate nel 1922, sono caratterizzate da una progressiva discesa negli abissi dell'orrore e della follia e nel corso degli anni sono anche state fatte oggetto di vari adattamenti, dai film fino ai fumetti. Tutto ciò non fa altro che testimoniare la grande influenza culturale che questo racconto, nato quasi per scherzo ed inizialmente snobbato, ha avuto su tantissime altre forme d'arte. I sei episodi, in origine dati alle stampe separatamente, sono nell'ordine: I. Dalle tenebre (From the Dark) II. Il demone della pestilenza (The Plague Demon)III. Sei spari al chiaro di luna (Six Shots by Moonlight) IV. L'urlo del morto (The Scream of the Dead) V. L'orrore dalle ombre (The Horror from the Shadows) VI. Legioni della tomba (The Tomb-Legions) BF Nella nostra libreria: Howard Phillips Lovecraft Dalla raccolta "Tutti i racconti 1897-1922" Herbert West, rianimatore (Herbert West, Reanimator) ed. Oscar Mondadori 30 di 355 pag. traduzione di Giuseppe Lippi İnsanlar insanların kölesidir. Ben, ihtiyacımı giderecek olanın kölesiyim. Benim ihtiyacımın giderilmesi elinde olan kişi kendi ihtiyacını giderecek olanın kölesidir. Köleleri efendi, efendileri köledir insanların. Daha zalimi var mıdır bir köleden, efendi olduğu zaman, ve daha bayağısı var mıdır bir efendiden, insanları köleleştirmeye çalıştığı zaman? İhtiyaçlarının giderilmesi toprağın elinde olanlar ise; bunlar hürdürler, çünkü efendilik yapılmaz toprağa, toprak da köleleştirmeye çalışmaz, İŞTE ADL_İ İLAHİDİR BU. Sobre este cursoOmitir Sobre este curso In Promotion of Healthy Ageing, we will explore key lifestyle-related factors that are modifiable and influential in our well-being in old age, such as diet, physical activity, stress and sleep. By looking closely at the different aspects of lifestyle behaviours and their impact on our health as we get older, we can take action and promote healthy habits in ourselves and those we care for. In this course, we will learn how it is never too late to modify our lifestyle and engage in healthy behaviours, and we will address health promotion strategies for older adults. This is important to keep in mind, especially when caring for older adults who may need support in their everyday lives to reduce their risk for chronic and debilitating diseases, such as dementias, cardiovascular diseases and musculoskeletal conditions, and improve the quality of life. One does not need to be a carer for an older person to benefit from this course, the principles of healthy ageing can be applied to you, your family members, your friends, or any person who wants to commit to an active lifestyle. Lo que aprenderásOmitir Lo que aprenderás - How modifiable lifestyle-related factors influence healthy ageing. - How a multidomain approach is key for the prevention of diseases and disorders in old age. - Strategies to help adults implement lifestyle habits for the promotion of healthy ageing. Plan de estudiosOmitir Plan de estudios Introduction to key lifestyle-related factors influencing healthy ageing, and related concepts. Section 2: Lifestyle-related factors: first principles Learn more about how a healthy diet, regular physical activity and proper management of vascular and lifestyle-related factors relate to well-being in old age. Section 3: Lifestyle-related factors: cognitive and socioemotional aspects It is essential to know that the cognitive, emotional and social aspects about a person's lifestyle are important for healthy ageing too. Section 4: Long-term perspectives in healthy ageing After learning about key lifestyle-related factors, get familiar with the topics of behavioural change and trends in dementia prevention for the long-term support of healthy habits. Conoce a tus instructores Obtén un Certificado Verificado para destacar los conocimientos y las habilidades que adquieras$49 USD Oficial y verificado Obtén un certificado con la firma del instructor y el logotipo de la institución para demostrar tus logros y aumentar las posibilidades de conseguir trabajo Fácil de compartir Agrega el certificado a tu currículum o publícalo directamente en LinkedIn El certificado te da un motivo más para completar el curso Apoya nuestra labor edX, una organización sin fines de lucro, se sustenta con los certificados verificados para financiar la educación gratuita para todo el mundo Both projects are unique partnerships of academic institutions, industry partners and governmental agencies, and have been supported by the European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT Health), which promotes entrepreneurship and innovation in healthy living and active ageing, and improvements in healthcare. More information on the CARE Campus courses, work and resources can be found at https://care-campus.eu. 高一作文《金石录》李清照和赵明诚结婚后,两人沉醉于金石器物的搜藏、品鉴和研究。由于经济紧张,他们甚至当卖收拾衣物,来换取喜爱的文物。后来两人合作完成了学术著作《金石录》。上一篇:高中生作文模板化愈发严重 “高考体”非改不可下一篇:寒假写作素材:有关春节的好词、好句、好段、好诗,一篇就搞定! Manage episode 282732446 series 2514506 Creato da The Cutting Edge, autore scoperto da Player FM e dalla nostra community - Il copyright è detenuto dall'editore, non da Player FM, e l'audio viene riprodotto direttamente dal suo server. Clicca sul pulsante Iscriviti per rimanere aggiornato su Player FM, o incolla l'URL del feed in un altra app per i podcast. Baylor ha battuto in rapida sequenza Texas Tech e Kansas e ci siamo chiesti se è lei l'Anti-Gonzaga. Questo e altre riflessioni sulle ambizioni di Kansas, Virginia e Michigan nella nuova puntata di March Madness 2197 episodi Blood Blisters on Skin Collection of blood under the skin’s upper layer which is known as epidermis is known as blood blisters. Blood blisters on skin usually occur when the blood gets trapped between two layers of the skin. The blister can be in the size of a pin point or half inch. The symptoms of this condition mainly depend on the causes of this condition. A person suffering from this condition may experience itching, redness and pain. Read on to know more about this condition. Causes of Blood Blisters The following are a few important causes of blood blisters on skin. - Irritation caused physically to the skin due to the usage of uncomfortable footwear or tight clothes can cause this condition. - Irritation caused due to the usage of chemical irritants present in the skin creams, soaps, sprays, perfumes, detergents, etc. can result in this condition. - Autoimmune diseases such as pemphigus and dermatitis herpetiformis can cause blisters on the skin as it is the major symptom of such diseases. - Extreme hot and cold temperatures can also result in causing blood blisters. - Many people often experience blood blisters after a surgery as it is the natural way adopted by the body to heal the cuts after the procedure. - Allergens like poison oak, poison ivy, medicated soaps etc. that trigger the hypersensitive reaction in the body can lead to this condition. - Excess exposure of the skin to direct sunlight can also result in causing this condition. - Usage of certain medicines like nalidixic acid and furosemide can cause this condition. - The condition of blood blisters can also be caused as a side effect of certain medications as well. Bacterial and viral infections can lead to blood blisters. - Blood blisters on skin can be treated with the help of a proper diagnosis. A skin biopsy or a patch test is conducted for a person suffering from this condition. - Avoid wearing tight footwear and clothing in order to avoid physical irritation. - Make sure that you maintain good physical hygiene. - Wash the blistered area with the help of a mild soap and cold water at least twice in a day to prevent microbes and infections. - Aloe vera plays an important role in overcoming this condition. Apply the pulp of aloe vera on the blistered area every day for quick and best results. - For a natural speedy healing process apply fresh milk on the blistered area. - Make sure that you consult a doctor immediately if the symptoms of this condition remain for a longer period of time. 欧洲杯彩票胜平负局的头领们辩称可是皇家铸币,hn Bergdahl)计划的图像这一由艺术家约翰·贝里达尔(Jo,不是“基于史实的”只是“符号性的”而。章》结八百周年为怀念英国《大宪,的新版两英硬币英国推出了新颖。2021欧杯八强投注专家称但有,)用不吻合史实的图案毁了这一计划皇家铸币局(Royal Mint。通过署名来使文献生效“中世纪的国王不是,本人盖印而是通过,员替他们盖印或者让部属官。” 用中世纪品格的字体“硬币边缘的文字采,皇家印章上的刻字雷同像中世纪时代约翰王的。” 拿羽毛结《大宪章》的图样这枚硬币上显示的是约翰王手,Marc Morris)所言可是依据马克·莫里斯博士(,是很诞妄的云云的刻画,章......也有不妨会让奴替他盖印由于约翰王应该应用皇家印章盖。颁发的《大宪章》传扬(约翰王1215年,刚正审讯的权力每一面都有得回,人都无法超出于法令之上包含皇室成员正在内的任何。) 他为硬币所做的计划时贝里达尔先生正在说到,尼米德(《大宪章》的结地添补道:“我念要将那些正在兰,起了紧张功用的人物计划进去位于温莎)同意《大宪章》中。” storical Society)的探求员莫里斯博士是皇家史乘学欧洲杯免费直播会(Royal Hi,这一刻画实正在是一个初级的失误他说:“约翰王手拿羽羊毫的。” 原生简便的艺术影响“我受中世纪时代,映大宪章变成时代的修立相照应装点性的飞和玫瑰雕与反。” 发到推特上他将图片,兰尼米德爆发的事并配文道:“闭于,的版本得多这比皇家铸币局。” 简介有一天公孙明正在一次意外下获得幻想系统,从此,他为了实现梦想开始在各个世界之间旅行。和幽香进行调教与反调教,变身诺亚救世界,和路飞一起航行冒险。观看着索隆和山治,艾尼路与吉尔伽美什之间的日常生活。幽幽子、路飞和阿尔托利亚为何死街头?博丽神社为何半夜传来杀猪的惨叫?灵梦的节操为何遭黑手?咲夜的PAD为何频频丢失?幽香接连受到调教究竟是何人所为?圣白莲的门夜夜被敲,究竟是人是鬼?数百条碳烤中华白豚背后又隐藏着什么?这一切的背后究竟是人格的扭曲?还是道德的丧?是性的无奈?还是变态的爆发? 接下来观看《天天有话说》 PS:新人写书,如有不足,请多多见,如有错误,请指明,谢谢。正文 The combination of an aging population with increases in natural disasters has had deadly consequences for seniors. Quebec health authorities estimate that as many 70 people died as a result of the recent heat wave with a humidex of over 40 degrees. Most heat-related deaths in Montreal involved seniors with chronic conditions. And who can forget last year’s viral images of older adults in flooded Texas nursing homes? Or people fleeing Fort McMurray wildfires two years ago? Unfortunately, there are many recent disasters to draw from with a tragic pattern of outcomes. tap here to see other videos from our team. Research done after Hurricane Katrina, Hurricane Sandy and the 2003 European heat wave shows that the majority of deaths and injuries resulting from natural disasters involve older adults. This is particularly worrisome because our population is aging. One in four Canadians will be over 65 years of age within 20 years. Why are seniors most at risk? Older adults living in their own homes are more likely to be harmed in a disaster because of physical frailty, disability and social isolation. They often have needs that make them more vulnerable and less able to cope with the physical and mental challenges posed by disasters. They may be unable to walk, climb stairs or make decisions without help from others. Their vision and
3	1	-Americans to register to vote in Dallas County. He brought a reputation as a veteran of the Freedom Rides, a reputation that caused many intimidated men and women to steer clear. Even the black principal of the high school threatened to call the sheriff if Lafayette tried to recruit school kids for the cause. But Lafayette kept a low profile. He met people one-on-one, then finally pulled together some small groups to talk about citizenship. He worked slowly and quietly, eventually building up a local movement that was strong enough to become one of the turning points in the civil rights struggle. Quiet organizing by Lafayette made the historic victory possible. Lafayette was born in Florida, but two years of living in Philadelphia exposed him to life in a racially integrated society. He enrolled in the American Baptist Theological Seminary in Nashville. There he met James Lawson and was recruited into the group of students Lawson was training to desegregate Nashville. He also took classes at the Highlander Folk School, learning Gandhian nonviolence. The success of the Nashville sit-ins was such a watershed that Lafayette and other young leaders moved from there into struggles nationwide. Lafayette joined student leaders from across the South to form the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), which became a leading group of civil rights activists. In 1961 Lafayette was part of the group from Nashville who continued the Freedom Ride to desegregate interstate transportation. The initial Freedom Riders had been beaten and arrested and their bus had been burned. As Lafayette considered his own decision to join the Freedom Ride, he talked things through with his friend and fellow student, Joe Carter, at American Baptist Theological Seminary. “Are you prepared to die?” Carter, who had already decided to go, asked Lafayette. “There’ll be no protection, we’ll be on our own.” Lafayette decided to take the risk. Like other riders, he signed a will before heading to Alabama. This second wave of riders, including John Lewis and James Lawson, picked up the buses in Birmingham, Alabama. In Montgomery the riders were attacked. The police gave the Ku Klux Klan 15 minutes between the arrival of the bus and the arrival of the police to severely beat the riders. In Jackson, Mississippi, all the riders were arrested when they tried to desegregate the bus station waiting room. They spent time in the Jackson Jail, and then were sent to the notorious Mississippi penitentiary known as Parcham Farm. It was one of 27 times Lafayette ended up in jail. After that harrowing experience, Lafayette’s skills as an organizer clearly emerged. He and James Bevel left Parchman and began organizing back in Jackson, where they were earlier arrested. They went street by street through the black community trying to recruit young people as activists. Lafayette would make the case for joining, while Bevel would give reasons not to get involved—a tactic that made the idea more appealing for young people eager to try their wings. After evening training sessions, they would require the young people to come back at 6 a.m. to see how serious they really were. Lafayette and Bevel organized a series of protests with 42 young recruits who joined them in an effort to desegregate the Jackson bus terminal. Lafayette said it was the cheapest way to take action because they didn’t need to buy bus tickets. They all ended up in jail, but now the young people of Jackson were mobilized for the movement. Lafayette then went to Selma, Alabama, as an SNCC organizer. It was the heart of the so-called “Black Belt,” an area controlled by the powerful White Citizens Council. Even before he and his wife moved into a local hotel, U.S. Justice Department officials were warning them to leave because of threatened violence. Lafayette stayed and studied the politics of the area and the history of lynching in that county. He then went into the small towns around Selma and into Selma’s black neighborhoods trying to mobilize voter registration. When people came to the meetings Lafayette organized, he encouraged them to share their own experiences. Soon, people were releasing emotions long bottled up by fear. When a local African-American leader who had supported their effort died, Lafayette called for a mass meeting to honor the man. Sheriff Jim Clark brought deputized white citizens to intimidate the crowd. Many of Clark’s men were armed with bats that had steel rods inserted in the middle for maximum damage. First, Clark’s men came into the meeting and listened to the eulogies, then they smashed cars with their bats on the way out. Lafayette knew that this violence would clarify the battle lines and challenge residents to take a stand. On June 12, 1963, the same night Medgar Evers of the NAACP was assassinated in Mississippi, a white thug severely beat Lafayette. As he was about to lose consciousness, a neighbor came out with a shotgun. Despite the peril he faced, Lafayette pleaded for the man not to shoot the attacker. The FBI later said that the attack was part of a three-state conspiracy to murder civil rights leaders. But Lafayette did not back down. The day after the beating, still wearing his bloody shirt and with his face bruised and swollen, Lafayette went downtown. A black lawyer encouraged him to go home, but Lafayette said, “This is the symbol we need.” He made himself visible in the community, shaming local leaders who had been timid to take greater risks themselves. Lafayette continued organizing and holding mass meetings. In 1965, he was among the civil rights leaders who decided to make Selma a focus for the struggle for voting rights. It was the toughest town in Alabama, but Lafayette’s organizing had laid a foundation in the African-American community. In early March, 1965, a march was launched from Selma to Montgomery, although that first march did not reach its goal. The crowd was halted at the Pettus Bridge, where police charged and beat marchers—an event later known as Bloody Sunday. Martin Luther King, Jr. came to Selma for a second march, which voluntarily stopped at the Pettus Bridge to avoid violence. A third march that same month finally reached its goal, riding on a wave of national revulsion at the violence unleashed by Southern whites. A political tide had turned. President Johnson presented what became the Voting Rights Act of 1965 to Congress between the second and third marches. With momentum from the protests, the bill passed and Johnson was able to sign it into law later that year. In 1966, the scene shifted to Chicago, where Lafayette agreed to help the American Friends Service Committee organize for open housing and to prevent lead poisoning, a campaign called “End Slums.” Lafayette also was invited by King to direct a national Poor People’s Campaign, which would culminate in a march on Washington in 1968. However, during their organizing efforts, Dr. King visited Memphis and was killed in April, 1968. Stunned and grieving, Lafayette continued his work on the Washington campaign, which ended when 50,000 people set up the Resurrection City shantytown on the Mall. This campaign had failed to achieve its goal: A Bill of Economic Rights. After the death of King and the dissolution of the Poor People’s Campaign, Lafayette left his life of full-time activism to focus on his education. He eventually earned a doctorate from Harvard University with a thesis on the teaching of nonviolence in a regular college curriculum. Lafayette then worked in various schools, including an appointment as principal of Tuskegee High School in Alabama. There, the soft-spoken, nonviolent Lafayette encountered a group of teens who had moved from a tough urban setting in the North and brought gang culture with them into the South. They expected this principal would be easy prey. Instead, Lafayette cleaned up the school’s culture. He didn’t break up the gangs, recognizing the legitimate need of young people to be together in groups. Instead, he transformed the gangs into social clubs. He gave them tasks like taking toys to hospitalized children and cleaning up yards for elderly widows and taught them how to repair windows—so the gangs began protecting property rather than vandalizing it. He even took students on a re-enactment of the Selma-to-Montgomery march. It was one of his favorite jobs. Lafayette returned to American Baptist Theological Seminary in Nashville as vice president in 1987 and then in 1992 was installed as president. He also became a Senior Fellow for the Center for Nonviolence and Peace Studies at the University of Rhode Island. There he taught the nonviolent principles and methods he’d hammered out in the civil rights movement. Lafayette then shifted to Emory University where he is the Distinguished Senior Scholar in Residence, but he has never lived in an ivory tower. He continues to work with students, most recently in the Chicago schools where he is seeking to build the beloved community that King envisioned. He helps older children develop mentoring relationships with younger ones, bringing out what is best in the students. He also has engaged in international peacemaking, especially in the delta region of Nigeria, where conflict flares over oil development. Lafayette works with a program that exchanges insurgents’ guns for jobs. The training begins with nonviolence, and then moves on to job training. Overall, this process brings some of the economic benefits from the oil companies to the local people, which is a key to ending insurgency. Lafayette trains people from the delta to become trainers themselves, which empowers the community, multiplies the impact, and spreads community transformation. What Bernard Lafayette learned years earlier in Nashville sit-ins, Mississippi bus stations and Selma voter registration drives, he has taught to new generations facing new challenges in new settings. As he links lives around the world, the beloved community becomes more of a reality. Meet more peacemakers like Bernard Lafayette This profile on Bernard Lafayette comes from the pages of my book, Blessed are the Peacemakers. Blessed are the Peacemakers is one of the three books that inspired this website. Learn more about Daniel Buttry’s series of books on global peacemakers. (Medical Xpress) -- New research by a University of California, Riverside psychologist raises serious questions about eyewitness identification procedures that are being adopted by police departments across the United States. These new procedures are designed to reduce the kinds of false identification errors that can lead to wrongful convictions of innocent people. While it has long been held that these changes reduce false identifications with little or no loss of correct identifications, UC Riverside psychology professor Steven E. Clark suggests that that is not the case. The loss of correct identifications can be significant, Clark says. Importantly, the new procedures may, under some circumstances, lead to identification evidence that is less accurate than the identification evidence from the procedures they are designed to replace. Policymakers need to look very carefully at the data from empirical studies as they consider adopting new procedures, he cautions. Clarks study, Costs and Benefits of Eyewitness Identification Reform: Psychological Science and public Policy, appears in the May issue of the peer-reviewed journal Perspectives on Psychological Science, published by the Association for Psychological Science. It can be viewed online. Clark has been involved in more than 200 criminal and civil cases, has consulted with prosecution and defense attorneys, and has testified as an expert in federal and state courts in six states, including California. Much of his research has been funded by the National Science Foundation. In the paper, the psychologist notes that the reforms are directed at fundamental aspects of the identification process: How lineups are constructed, what witnesses are told and how they are instructed prior to the lineup, the way that the lineup is presented, and what police officers should and should not say and do during the identification procedure. Whether policymakers decide to adopt or not adopt these new procedures is up to them, he says. In order to make those policy decisions, they need to know clearly what the benefits are and what the costs are. For some of the new procedures the cost-benefit trade-offs are clear. For other procedures, Clark suggests that the critical research has not been done. For example, one of the new procedures coming into use requires that the police officer who shows the lineup not know which person in the lineup is the suspect. In this blind procedure, the police officer would not know whether the suspect was second, third or sixth in the lineup. The blind procedure prevents police officers from deliberately or inadvertently cuing witnesses about who they should pick from the lineup. The principle behind blind lineup administration is solid, Clark says. If the criminal justice system is concerned that the police might inadvertently communicate their expectations to witnesses, then a good solution is for the police to not have expectations by not knowing which person in the lineup is the suspect. However, many ideas that seem right in principle dont actually work, or have unintended side effects. The principle behind the blind lineup may be solid, but solid data would be better. Clarks research examines the results from dozens of eyewitness identification studies that have been conducted and published over the last 32 years. The trade-off between false identifications avoided versus correct identifications lost is consistent, he says. This trade-off raises an important question: How many correct identifications is the justice system willing to lose in order to avoid a false identification? Clark explains that under some conditions that trade-off may be as high as 100 correct identifications lost for each false identification avoided. Is that a trade-off that the criminal justice system is willing to accept? It depends, Clark says. In our justice system there is a view that a false conviction is a far worse error than a false acquittal, he says. However, false identifications do not always lead to prosecution or false convictions, and false nonidentifications do not always lead to false acquittals. This raises a question about the justice systems ability to correct its mistakes. Whether the justice system prefers one eyewitness identification procedure over another depends on many factors, the nature of the trade-off for example, how many correct identifications are lost in exchange for each false identification that is avoided and what the consequences of those errors are. There are many other considerations as well, in terms of due process and procedural justice. Policymakers have a lot to chew on. Explore further: Understanding the science of eyewitness identifications وزارت راه و شهرسازی با توجه به اهمیت حفظ منابع ارزی کشور در شرایط کنونی به عنوان یکی از اولویت های دولت و وزارتخانه های مربوط و با هدف ایجاد تعادل در بازار، جلوگیری از هرگونه سوءاستفاده احتمالی از تفاوت نرخ ارز، حفظ و حتی بهبود وضعیت موجود شرکت های هواپیمایی خارجی در بازار و کاهش میزان تقاضای ارز از دولت برای سفر به خارج از کشور، پیشنهاد کرده تا شرکت های هواپیمایی خارجی از لیست دریافت کنندگان ارز نیمایی به نرخ حواله منتشره در سامانه بین بانکی ETS خارج و نرخ روز فروش ارز (اسکناس) در بازار ثانویه که توسط بانک مرکزی جمهوری اسلامی ایران تعیین می شود، ملاک محاسبه بهای ریالی بلیت مسافر و بارنامه هوایی شرکت های هواپیمایی خارجی قرار گیرد. گفتنی است پیشنهاد فوق هم اکنون در کمیسیون اقتصاد دولت در حال بررسی و تصمیم گیری است. Gaziantep'te iki adreste öldürülen 9 kişi, otopsi işlemlerinin ardından ailelerine teslim edildi. Düztepe Mahallesindeki silahlı saldırıda ölen Tuğba T, Şenel Çakmak ve Ahmet Çakmak'ın cenazeleri, Yeşilkent Mezarlığına götürüldü. Aynı adreste ölen Turan T'nin cenazesi ise Sam Mahallesi'nde sabah evde öldürülmüş halde bulunan amcası Mustafa (58) ile aynı yaştaki eşi Gülay ve çocukları Türkan Demir (22), Furkan ile Gül T'nin cenazeleriyle Asri Mezarlığa götürüldü. 5 cenazenin yarın Sam Mahallesi'nde, diğer 3 cenazenin ise Yeşilkent Mezarlığı'nda defnedileceği bildirildi. Bu arada her iki olayın da cinayet zanlısı olarak aranan Yusuf T'nin yakalanması için Asayiş Şube Müdürlüğünce özel ekip oluşturuldu. Polis, şüphelinin gidebileceği adreslerde arama yaptı, her iki ailenin fertlerinin ifadelerine başvurdu. Öte yandan, bir süredir İstanbul'da oturan Yusuf T'nin, 2 yıl önce evlendiği Tuba T. ile bir yıldır ayrı yaşadığı öğrenildi. Yusuf T'nin, Gaziantep'e dönerek teyzesinin yanına yerleşen eşi Tuğba T. ile amcasının oğlu olan Turan T'yle ilişkisinin olduğu gerekçesiyle, dün gece kuzeniyle telefonla görüştüğü, ardından da Düztepe Mahallesi'ndeki eşi ile kuzeninin de bulunduğu eve gelerek ateş açtığı öne sürüldü. شاوان هم که به عنوان یک تازه وارد در بازار محسوب می شود با قیمت 350 تومان وارد بازار فرابورس شد و هم اکنون در قیمت های 583 تومان به سر می برد و همچنان صف خرید خود را اب ابتدای عرضه تا کنون حفظ کرده است. میزان افزایش قیمت این سهم در حدود 45 درصد می باشد. قابل ذکر است که در صورت مالی این شرکت مقداری زیان انباشته وجود دارد که یکی از مسئولان مالی این شرکت در این مورد توضیح داده است. این مسئول می گورد: طی سال های 88 و 89 گاز مایع تولیدی شرکت بدون هیچ گونه ارزش افزوده ای در مشعل پالایشگاه سوخت می شد، از همین رو در سال 89 برای راه اندازی واحدهای تولیدی جدید جهت استفاده بهینه از این محصول تصمیم گیری شد که این امر موجب افزایش مصرف انرژی و ایجاد ضایعات گردید و در نهایت زیان انباشته “شاوان” را با رشد همراه کرد. اما در سال 90 با افزایش 70 درصدی ظرفیت تولیدی پالایشگاه و در مقابل کاهش نفت کوره تولیدی به عنوان محصولی زیان ده از 37 به 27 درصد، شرکت توانست بخش زیادی از زیان انباشته شرکت را جبران کنید. این روند در سال 91 نیز ادامه یافت تا جایی که با افزایش ظرفیت تولید میعانات گازی در سال جاری، شاهد افزایش تولید بنزین پایه و نفت گاز بودیم و طی یکی تا دو ماه آینده نیز با راه اندازی واحد بنزین سازی، ظرفیت تولیدی این محصول به دو میلیون و 800 هزار لیتر ارتقا می یابد. این مسئول خاطر نشان کرد شرکت پالایش نفت لاوان طی سال 92 دو محصول فرآورده های سوخت جت و گوگرد را به سبد محصولات تولیدی خود اضافه خواهد کرد که این امر نیز می تواند تأثیر چشم گیری در کاهش زیان انباشته و از بین رفتن آن ایفا نماید. این مقام مسئول عنوان کرده که شرکت توانایی رسیدن به مقدار سود پیش بینی شده ی خود را دارد و انتظار تعدیل با اهمیت در این شرکت وجود ندارد مگر در صورت نغییر نرخ ارز در بودجه مالی. Pregnancy Nausea Week – What To Expect

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